Ju|'hoan
[aka Ju/'hoan, Agau, Kung-Tsumkwe]Classification: Kx'a
·vulnerable
- PLACES
- Namibia
- LOCATION DESCRIPTION
Tsumkwe, Otjozondjupa Region
Language metadata
Ju|'hoan is generally considered to be a variety of the !Xun [knw] language.
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Ju/'hoan, Agau, Kung-Tsumkwe, Xu, Xun, Kung, !Xo, Zhu'oasi, Dzu'oasi, Tsumkwe, Dobe Kung, Xaixai, Žhu|hõasi, Ju/'hoansi |
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Kx'a |
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Dickens' Roman-based system is the official orthography for Ju|'hoan in Namibia |
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ISO 639-3 |
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ktz |
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As csv |
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Language information by source
Compare Sources (8)
Information from: “"Community-Based Digital Documentation of Ju|'hoan (ktz) and =X'ao-||'aen (aue): Audio, Video and Text Archives of Language and Culture Diversity" HRELP Abstract” . Megan Biesele (2011)
Information from: “"Community-Based Digital Documentation of Ju|'hoan (ktz) and =X'ao-||'aen (aue): Audio, Video and Text Archives of Language and Culture Diversity" HRELP Abstract” . Megan Biesele (2011)
Information from: “A Concise Grammar of Ju/'hoan” (114) . Patrick J. Dickens (2005) Köln: Rüdiger Köppe
- GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
- The Village Schools Project was launched in 1991 and then in 2004 it was incorporated into the national educational system of Namibia.
- More on Orthography
Dickens revised and streamlined the existing orthography for practical use.
Information from: “Khoisan groups and languages” (123-142) . Lars-Gunnar Andersson and Tore Janson (1997) Longman Botswana
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Threatened
20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
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>6,000
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"Hitchcock and Holm (1993) estimate the number of Ju|'hoansi in Botswana to just over 3,000. Figures from Namibia are not easy to get hold of, but there should be at least as many there as in Botswana."
- GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
- Some support in Namibia; minority language rights are severely restricted in Botswana
- Scripts (Writing system)
- Dickens' Roman-based system is the official orthography for Ju|'hoan in Namibia
- More on Orthography
"Several orthographies for Ju|'hoan have been published during the last decades (1969, 1987 and 1991)... Some parts of the Bible have been translated into the language.
Some years ago, Patrick Dickens designed a new more practical orthography for Ju|'hoan, the purpose of which was to increase literacy among the Ju|'hoansi. This is now the official orthography for Ju|'hoan in Namibia... The practical literacy work carried out in northern Namibia has been very successful and today quite a few of the Ju|'hoansi are literate in their own language."
- LOCATION DESCRIPTION
"Most Ju|'hoansi live to the west of the Okavango towards the Namibian border and into the neighbouring parts of Namibia."
Information from: “Patrick Dickens’s Ju/’hoan linguistics work: educational and political implications” (45-68) . Megan Biesele (1995) , Anthony Traill and Rainer Vossen and Megan Biesele · Rüdiger Köppe Verlag
- GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
- The Namibian Government has made a massive commitment to Dickens orthography. The Educational Program of the Nyae Nyae Development Foundation of Namibia officially began in 1991
- INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT
- Language curriculum materials and an adult literacy program. Dickens orthography was adopted as the official educational orthography of the Nyae Nyae Farmers' Cooperative.
- LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS
"Dictionary and grammar by Patrick Dickens."
- More on Orthography
"Revised and streamlined by Patrick Dickens creating an academically sound version of Snyman's earlier orthography."
Information from: “Tense and Aspect in Khoesan: The Case of Ju/'hoansi” (201-211) . Budzani Gabanamotse-Mogara (2011) , Osamu Hieda and Christa König and Hirosi Nakagawa · John Benjamins Publishing Company
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"Only few people speak it and the speakers often live a marginalized life."
- GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
- None
- INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT
- None
- LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS
"The truth of the matter is that Ju/'hoansi as a Khoesan language is a minority language and is looked down upon by government and citizens of Botswana."
"There is no use for this language outside the speech community, with few exceptions. Worse still, this language is not used in schools."
- PLACES
- Botswana, Namibia
- LOCATION DESCRIPTION
Ghanzi and Northwest area, Botswana
- ADDITIONAL COMMENTS
"Speakers of Ju/'hoansi live in; Sehithwa, Nokaneng, Tsau, Qangwa, Qaaca, Dobe, Charles Hill, D'kar, Groote Laagte, Kanagas, Karakobic, Kuke, New Kanagas, Tsobokwane, and West Hanahai. They are also found in some north eastern parts of Namibia."
Information from: “Where are the Khoesan of Botswana?” (13-31) . Sue Hasselbring (2000) , Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja · Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang
- DATE OF INFO
- 1995-1999
- DOMAINS OF USE
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- LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS
"Both Naro and Ju|'hoan have had language development efforts for over a decade. This may have resulted in more positive attitudes among the speakers of these languages."
- PLACES
- Botswana
- LOCATION DESCRIPTION
Ngamiland North, Ngamiland South, Ghanzi
- ADDITIONAL COMMENTS
Villages, settlements, and towns: "Groot Laagte, Dobe, Tsodilo, Xangwa (Qangwa), Xaxa (Xaixai), Nxaunxau, Gane, Kanagas, Nokaneng, Karakobis, Ghanzi, Maun"
Information from: “Ju|'hoan-Language Education in Namibia and its Relevance for Minority-Language Education in Botswana” (237-265) . Megan Biesele and Robert K. Hitchcok (2000) , Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja · Peter Lang
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Threatened
20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
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~9,000
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7,000 in Namibia, 2,000+ in Ngamiland, Botswana
- INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT
- Nyae Nyae Conservancy, language materials, Village Schools Project, Ju|'hoan-English dictionary, mother-tongue education
- Scripts (Writing system)
- Yes
- More on Orthography
"... the Nyae Nyae Conservancy (NNC) advanced the Ju|'hoan agenda of effective national and international communication by formally adopting a practical orthography of the Ju|'hoan language for educational and political purposes. This orthography was produced to international linguistic standards..."