Endangered Languages Project

ALSO KNOWN AS		Rai, Thulunge Rai, Thulu Luwa, Thululoa, Thulung La, Tholong Lo, Thulung Jemu, Toaku Lwa
CLASSIFICATION		Sino-Tibetan, Kiranti
CODE AUTHORITY		ISO 639-3
LANGUAGE CODE		tdh
VARIANTS & DIALECTS		Eastern Thulung Southern Thulung Central Thulung Northern Thulung Lannachyo
DOWNLOAD		As csv
MORE RESOURCES		OLAC search

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Information from: “Aspects of the Grammar of Thulung Rai: An endangered Himalayan Language” . Aimée Lahaussois (2002)

Severely endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available
~1000
Native speakers worldwide

DATE OF INFO: 2002

DOMAINS OF USE

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS

TRANSMISSION

MORE ON VITALITY

Education, economy, and inter-marriage are main reasons why Thulung is not passed down.

SPEAKER ATTITUDE

positive

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

Nepali

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS

All Thulung speakers are bilingual in Nepali, resulting in heavy borrowing of Nepali in Thulung.

More on Orthography

Thulung is not traditionally written down.

PLACES: Nepal

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: the middle hills of eastern Nepal, on the western edge of the Kirant region

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
~8,000
Native speakers worldwide

MORE ON VITALITY

"The language is not being passed on."

PLACES: Nepal

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: "Southern Solukhumbu district."

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
33,313
Native speakers worldwide

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
14,034
Native speakers worldwide

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
33,310
Native speakers worldwide
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
30,000 in Nepal (2003), decreasing.

PLACES: Nepal; India

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Nepal: Sagarmatha zone, southeast Solukhumbu District; Okhaldhunga District; Koshi zone, Bhojpur District; west of the slopes’ highest ridges to Dudhkosi, north of Nechedanda and Halesidanda ranges, east of upper Solu River, and south of the Kakukhola and the confluence of Ingkhukhola and Dudhkosi. India: Sikkim; West Bengal, Darjeeling District; Uttar Pradesh

PLACES: Nepal

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
20659
Native speakers worldwide

DATE OF INFO: 2011

PLACES: Nepal

MORE ON VITALITY

"Locally endangered or threatened."

				2012	Personal Communication				Personal Communication								Gregory Anderson	Gregory Anderson. 2012. "Personal Communication."													"Locally endangered or threatened."
0199255911				2005	The World Atlas of Language Structures			Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer		Oxford University Press		New York						2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.																Nepal		27.4166666667,86.5
			16	2009	Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)			M. Paul Lewis		SIL International		Dallas, TX				http://www.ethnologue.com/		Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)	ll_pub	33,310		10000-99999	30,000 in Nepal (2003), decreasing.						Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)					Nepal; India	Nepal: Sagarmatha zone, southeast Solukhumbu District; Okhaldhunga District; Koshi zone, Bhojpur District; west of the slopes’ highest ridges to Dudhkosi, north of Nechedanda and Halesidanda ranges, east of upper Solu River, and south of the Kakukhola and the confluence of Ingkhukhola and Dudhkosi. India: Sikkim; West Bengal, Darjeeling District; Uttar Pradesh
				2002	Aspects of the Grammar of Thulung Rai: An endangered Himalayan Language										Berkeley: University of California	https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/37157/filename/Lahaussois.these.pdf	Aimée Lahaussois	Lahaussois, Aimée. 2002. Aspects of the grammar of Thulung Rai: an endangered Himalayan language. PhD Dissertation, Department of Linguistics, Univeristy of California, Berkeley. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/37157/filename/Lahaussois.these.pdf	HHOLD	~1000	2002	1000-9999		all	Nepali	positive	All Thulung speakers are bilingual in Nepali, resulting in heavy borrowing of Nepali in Thulung.	all	Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	13	Education, economy, and inter-marriage are main reasons why Thulung is not passed down.	14	15	Nepal	the middle hills of eastern Nepal, on the western edge of the Kirant region
				2007	South Asia and the Middle East	Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages	289-348	Christopher Mosely		London and NewYork: Routledge				4			George Van Driem	Driem, George Van. 2007. "South Asia and the Middle East." In Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, edited by Christopher Mosely. 289-348. London and NewYork: Routledge.		~8,000		1000-9999							Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)		"The language is not being passed on."			Nepal	"Southern Solukhumbu district."
			3rd	2010	Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger					UNESCO Publishing		Paris				http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas	Christopher Moseley (ed.)	Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)	ll_pub	14,034		10000-99999							Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)							27.4534,86.6423
					World Oral Literature Project											http://www.oralliterature.org		"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.		33,313		10000-99999							Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)
	NPHC 2011	November		2012	National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report)						01		Central Bureau of Statistics			http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_phc/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf		Central Bureau of Statistics. 2012. National Population and Housing Census 2011 (NPHC2011), volume 1. Kathmandu, Nepal.		20659	2011	10000-99999							Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)					Nepal

Thulung

Language metadata

Language information by source

Severely endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~1000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~8,000

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

33,313

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

14,034

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

33,310

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

20659

Discussion

Thulung

Language metadata

Language information by source

Severely endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~1000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~8,000

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

33,313

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

14,034

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

33,310

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

20659

Discussion

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