Pangkalahatang-ideya
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Language Information by Source

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North America

Victor Golla, Ives Goddard, Lyle Campbell, Marianne Mithun and Mauricio Mixco. 2008. "North America." In Atlas of the World's Languages, edited by Chris Moseley and Ron Asher. 7-41. Routledge.

Critically Endangered
100 percent certain, based on the evidence available
About Vitality Level
7
Native Speakers Worldwide
Speaker Number Trends

Speaker Number Trend 5

A small percentage of the community speaks the language, and speaker numbers are decreasing very rapidly.

5
Domains of Use

Domain Of Use 5

Used only in a few very specific domains, such as in ceremonies, songs, prayer, proverbs, or certain limited domestic activities.

5
Transmission

Transmission 5

There are only a few elderly speakers.

5
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Speakers
Native or fluent speakers:
No results found.
Second-language speakers and learners
No results found.
Semi-speakers or rememberers
No results found.
Children:
No results found.
Young adults
No results found.
Older adults
No results found.
Elders
No results found.
Ethnic or community population
No results found.
Year information was gathered
No results found.
Comments on speakers
No results found.

Location and Context
Countries
USA, Oregon, Washington
Location Description

Kiksht (or Upper Chinook) was spoken upstream from Portland and originally included a string of dialects, of which only the easternmost, Wasco-Wishram, is still spoken. The Wasco variety is represented by 5 elderly speakers on the Warm Springs Reservation in north-central Oregon. The Wishram variety is spoken by 2 elders on the Yakama Reservation in eastern Washington.

Government Support
No results found.
Institutional Support
No results found.
Speakers' Attitude
No results found.
Other Languages Used By The Community
English
Number of Other Language Speakers:
None
Domains of Other Languages:
None

Writing Systems
Standard orthography:
No results found.
Writing system:
No results found.
Other writing systems used:
No results text.
Comments on writing systems:
No results found.

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