Endangered Languages Project

ALSO KNOWN AS		Youlou
CLASSIFICATION		Central Sudanic, Bongo-Bagirmi
CODE AUTHORITY		ISO 639-3
LANGUAGE CODE		yul
VARIANTS & DIALECTS		Yulu Binga
DOWNLOAD		As csv
MORE RESOURCES		OLAC search

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Information from: “An Axiomatic functionalist analysis of the phonology of Yulu” (230) . James D. Gabjanda (1976 )

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
3,000 - 5,000
Native speakers worldwide
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
"Given the wide geographical area where Yulu is spoken, it is extremely difficult to give even a rough estimate. I shall, therefore, confine myself to the sub-dialect under research. Even here the problem is complicated by the fact that... the language is spoken not only by the Yulu, but also by the neighbouring Binga and Kara. Furthermore, the only available figures from which the statistics have been quoted were those taken from the tax-payers list... It is the writer's own estimate from all indications that the
number of speakers of this particular sub-dialect under research may well range between 3,000-5,000."

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS: "Other tribes, i. e. the Binga (pronounced biýa) and the Kara speak it [Yulu] as well... Yulu is the dominant
language of this area. Although many languages are spoken here, Yulu is still to be reckoned with - though Kreish was the language chosen later after the Rejaf Conference to be the language of instruction in this area... Although the Kara language is different from either Yulu or Binga... the Kara have to still use Yulu as a lingua franca because, administratively, they form a unit with the Binga the immediate
neighbours of the Yulu. These three tribes are so much linguistically and culturally integrated today that the common nomenclature by which other tribes call them is 'Yulu'... Yulu was not one of the languages recommended by the Rejaf Language Conference."

PLACES: Central African Republic and the Republic of the Sudan [now in South Sudan].

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: "The Yulu language is spoken today in two neighbouring African countries - in the Central African Republic (formerly French Equatorial Africa) and in the Republic of the Sudan [now in South Sudan]. In the former, it is spoken in the sub-prefecture of the Ouande-Djale mainly by the Yulu tribe itself. In the Sudan [now in South Sudan], things are somewhat different. Other tribes, i. e. the Binga (pronounced biýa) and the Kara speak it as well. Yulu is spoken in two areas in the Sudan - in and around the Rodom area in South-Western Darfur province mainly by the Binga and the Kara, and in the Raga district of the Bahr el Ghazal province of the south Sudan by the Yulu and the neighbouring Binga and Kara... Ouande-Djald is supposed to be the original home of the Yulu."

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
7,000
Native speakers worldwide

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
7,000
Native speakers worldwide

PLACES: Central African Republic, Sudan, South Sudan

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: "Spoken by small communities traditionally settled both in the Central African Republic (Préfecture de la Vakaga) and the Republic of the Sudan (Bahr-el Ghazal [now in South Sudan] and Southern Darfur Provinces)."

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
~ 10,000
Native speakers worldwide
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
"Il est parlé... au total, environ 10.000 locuteurs."

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Central African Republic and the Republic of the Sudan [now in South Sudan].

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: "Il est parlé en République centrafricaine (région de Ouanda-Djallé) et au Soudan (régions de Raga et Rodom)..."

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: "[Yulu is not] indigenous to the Bahr el Ghazal... The Yulu... came into this land recently (after the defeat and the death of Sanusi, 1911-12) from what is now the Central African Republic... In 1930-1931 the three tribes [Yulu, Kara, Biŋa] were ordered to resettle nearer to Raga... In the northwestern Bahr el Ghazal, from 40 kilometers to the west of Raga onward, are settled the Yulu, the Biŋa and the Kara."

MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
"In 1946 they counted 234 TP [tax-payers] and 301 in 1952. Some Yulu remained behind the FEA [(former) French Equatorial Africa] and a few more passed over, during Sanusi's wars, to Darfur; but it is difficult to make even a rough estimate of their numbers. Some would say that in FEA they are as numerous as in the Bahr el Ghazal, but that is probably a gross exaggeration..."

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS

"Close linguistic affinities and the statements of other tribes, suggest a common origin for Binga and Yulu, but both of them strongly disclaim any relationship between themselves... they were often at war with each other... This is almost the only western tribe that is known under its original name: Yulu... The Yulu are a fine race: of fairly good build, of strong independent character, hard workers on the whole... they have fairly numerous offspring, and together with the kindred Binga are on the increase... The Yulu are divided into many clans..."

PLACES: Bahr el Ghazal, South Sudan

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: "Their country is clearly shown on maps, across the western boundary: about half way between their present home and Ndele, the residence of their great enemy, the Sanusi. Kukpo, Nyamba (or Nyangba), Miringi, Wanda-Jale (or Jali) were their former homes... The Yulu are not autochthons of their present land. They came from the region of the Blue Nile, spending centuries on the way."

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
7,000
Native speakers worldwide
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
"4,000 in Central African Republic (1996)."

PLACES: Sudan; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Central African Republic;

			1964	A tribal history of the western Bahr El Ghazal		229-246		Bologna: Editrice Nigrizia			VII. Binga Kara Yulu			Santandrea, Stefano	Santandrea, Stefano. 1964. A tribal history of the western Bahr El Ghazal. [Bologna]: Editrice Nigrizia.				"In 1946 they counted 234 TP [tax-payers] and 301 in 1952. Some Yulu remained behind the FEA [(former) French Equatorial Africa] and a few more passed over, during Sanusi's wars, to Darfur; but it is difficult to make even a rough estimate of their numbers. Some would say that in FEA they are as numerous as in the Bahr el Ghazal, but that is probably a gross exaggeration..."	"Close linguistic affinities and the statements of other tribes, suggest a common origin for Binga and Yulu, but both of them strongly disclaim any relationship between themselves... they were often at war with each other... This is almost the only western tribe that is known under its original name: Yulu... The Yulu are a fine race: of fairly good build, of strong independent character, hard workers on the whole... they have fairly numerous offspring, and together with the kindred Binga are on the increase... The Yulu are divided into many clans..."		"Their country is clearly shown on maps, across the western boundary: about half way between their present home and Ndele, the residence of their great enemy, the Sanusi. Kukpo, Nyamba (or Nyangba), Miringi, Wanda-Jale (or Jali) were their former homes... The Yulu are not autochthons of their present land. They came from the region of the Blue Nile, spending centuries on the way."	Bahr el Ghazal, South Sudan
	Nilo-Saharan: linguistic analyses and documentation, #22		2007	Compound verbs and modalities of process in Yulu (Central Sudanic)	Advances in Nilo-Saharan linguistics: proceedings of the 8th Nilo-Saharan linguistics colloquium, University of Hamburg, August 22-25, 2001	25-39	Reh, Mechthild and Payne, Doris L.	Rüdiger Köppe Verlag		Köln			http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/publications/Yulu_Vcomp_8NS.pdf	Boyeldieu, Pascal	Pascal Boyeldieu. 2007. "Compound Verbs and Modalities of Process in Yulu (Central Sudanic)." In Advances in Nilo-Saharan linguistics: proceedings of the 8th Nilo-Saharan linguistics colloquium, University of Hamburg, August 22-25, 2001, edited by Mechthild Reh and Doris L. Payne. 25-39. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. Online: http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/publications/Yulu_Vcomp_8NS.pdf.	EBALL							Central African Republic, Sudan, South Sudan	"Spoken by small communities traditionally settled both in the Central African Republic (Préfecture de la Vakaga) and the Republic of the Sudan (Bahr-el Ghazal [now in South Sudan] and Southern Darfur Provinces)."
	Museum Combonianum		1970	Brief Grammar Outlines of the Yulu and Kara Languages (Bahr el Ghazal, Sudan - Central African Republic)				Rome: Sodality of St.~Peter Claver	25					Stefano Santandrea	Santandrea, Stefano. 1970. "Brief Grammar Outlines of the Yulu and Kara Languages (Bahr El Ghazal, Sudan - Central African Republic)." 25: Rome: Sodality of St. Peter Claver.	HHOLD						"[Yulu is not] indigenous to the Bahr el Ghazal... The Yulu... came into this land recently (after the defeat and the death of Sanusi, 1911-12) from what is now the Central African Republic... In 1930-1931 the three tribes [Yulu, Kara, Biŋa] were ordered to resettle nearer to Raga... In the northwestern Bahr el Ghazal, from 40 kilometers to the west of Raga onward, are settled the Yulu, the Biŋa and the Kara."
0199255911			2005	The World Atlas of Language Structures			Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer	Oxford University Press		New York					2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.										8.5, 25.25
		16	2009	Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)			M. Paul Lewis	SIL International		Dallas, TX			http://www.ethnologue.com/		Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)	ll_pub	7,000	1000-9999	"4,000 in Central African Republic (1996)."		Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)		Sudan; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Central African Republic;
		3rd	2010	Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger				UNESCO Publishing		Paris			http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas	Christopher Moseley (ed.)	Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)	ll_pub	7,000	1000-9999			Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)				8.3854, 24.1754
			1976	An Axiomatic functionalist analysis of the phonology of Yulu		230						University of St Andrews	http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/2642	James D. Gabjanda	Gabjanda, James D. 1976. An Axiomatic functionalist analysis of the phonology of Yulu. University of St. Andrews. 230pp.		3,000 - 5,000	1000-9999	"Given the wide geographical area where Yulu is spoken, it is extremely difficult to give even a rough estimate. I shall, therefore, confine myself to the sub-dialect under research. Even here the problem is complicated by the fact that... the language is spoken not only by the Yulu, but also by the neighbouring Binga and Kara. Furthermore, the only available figures from which the statistics have been quoted were those taken from the tax-payers list... It is the writer's own estimate from all indications that the number of speakers of this particular sub-dialect under research may well range between 3,000-5,000."	"Other tribes, i. e. the Binga (pronounced biýa) and the Kara speak it [Yulu] as well... Yulu is the dominant language of this area. Although many languages are spoken here, Yulu is still to be reckoned with - though Kreish was the language chosen later after the Rejaf Conference to be the language of instruction in this area... Although the Kara language is different from either Yulu or Binga... the Kara have to still use Yulu as a lingua franca because, administratively, they form a unit with the Binga the immediate neighbours of the Yulu. These three tribes are so much linguistically and culturally integrated today that the common nomenclature by which other tribes call them is 'Yulu'... Yulu was not one of the languages recommended by the Rejaf Language Conference."	Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	"The Yulu language is spoken today in two neighbouring African countries - in the Central African Republic (formerly French Equatorial Africa) and in the Republic of the Sudan [now in South Sudan]. In the former, it is spoken in the sub-prefecture of the Ouande-Djale mainly by the Yulu tribe itself. In the Sudan [now in South Sudan], things are somewhat different. Other tribes, i. e. the Binga (pronounced biýa) and the Kara speak it as well. Yulu is spoken in two areas in the Sudan - in and around the Rodom area in South-Western Darfur province mainly by the Binga and the Kara, and in the Raga district of the Bahr el Ghazal province of the south Sudan by the Yulu and the neighbouring Binga and Kara... Ouande-Djald is supposed to be the original home of the Yulu."	Central African Republic and the Republic of the Sudan [now in South Sudan].
			2008	Yulu	La qualification dans les langues africaines / Qualification in African languages	195-210	Holger Tröbs, Eva Rothmaler and Kerstin Winkelmann	Rüdiger Köppe Verlag		Köln				Pascal Boyeldieu	Boyeldieu Pascal, 2008, Yulu, La qualification dans les langues africaines / Qualification in African Languages (H. Tröbs, E. Rothmaler & K. Winkelmann éds), Cologne, Rüdiger Köppe Verlag (Topics in African Studies 9), 195-210.		~ 10,000	1000-9999	"Il est parlé... au total, environ 10.000 locuteurs."		Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	"Il est parlé en République centrafricaine (région de Ouanda-Djallé) et au Soudan (régions de Raga et Rodom)..."		Central African Republic and the Republic of the Sudan [now in South Sudan].
				World Oral Literature Project									http://www.oralliterature.org		"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.		7,000	1000-9999			Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)

Yulu

Language metadata

Language information by source

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3,000 - 5,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

7,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

7,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~ 10,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

7,000

Discussion

Yulu

Language metadata

Language information by source

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3,000 - 5,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

7,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

7,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~ 10,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

7,000

Discussion

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