Endangered Languages Project

ALSO KNOWN AS		Okaina
CLASSIFICATION		Witotoan
CODE AUTHORITY		ISO 639-3
LANGUAGE CODE		oca
VARIANTS & DIALECTS		Ibo'tsa Dukaiya
DOWNLOAD		As csv
MORE RESOURCES		OLAC search
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS		"El Ocaina es hablado principalmente en el río Ampiyacu, y algunos hablantes en el Putumayo e Igaraparaná" (Juan Alvaro Echeverri Restrepo, personal communication, 2014). [Ocaina is spoken principally on the Ampiyacu River, and some speakers are on the Putumayo and Igaraparaná rivers.]

Compare Sources (9)

Information from: “Género y sufijos clasificatorios de discretización en ocaina (witoto)” (87-103) . Fagua Rincón, Doris (2015)

Critically endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available
~50
Native speakers worldwide
SEMI SPEAKERS
~50
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
El ocaina es una lengua seriamente amenazada de extinción. Efectivamente, solo queda una cincuentena de hablantes fluidos de la generación de los abuelos y aproximadamente, otros cincuenta adultos entre los 35 y 45 años que poseen algún tipo de competencia para la comprensión y pasiva para la expresión. Por tal razón, esta lengua ya no es transmitida a los niños y ha sido desplazada por el castellano, que es hoy la lengua primera de las jóvenes generaciones. Uno de los últimos bastiones de esta lengua es el ámbito ritual y ceremonial (p.88).

[Ocaina is a seriously endangered language. Indeed, there is only fifty fluent speakers of the grandparents generation and about fifty adults between 35 and 45 who have some competence for passive understanding and for expression. For this reason, this language is no longer transmitted to children and has been displaced by the Spanish, which today is the first language of the younger generation. One of the last bastions of this language is the ritual and ceremonial area.]

DATE OF INFO: 2015

DOMAINS OF USE
SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS
TRANSMISSION

PLACES: Colombia

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: ubicadas principalmente en el interfluvio Caquetá-Putumayo y en la cuenca del
río Ampiyacu, afluente del Amazonas, en Colombia y Perú, respectivamente.
[located mainly in the Caquetá-Putumayo interfluvial in Colombia and int the Ampiyacu River Basin in Peru.]

Severely endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
66
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
150
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
54 in Peru (2000). Population total all countries: 66. Ethnic population: 150 in Peru (2000 W. Adelaar).

DATE OF INFO: 2000

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS: One of the last bastions of this language is the ritual and ceremonial area.

PLACES: Peru; Colombia;

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Northeast, Loreto region, Yaguasyacu, Ampuyacu, and Putumayo rivers.

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: Northeast, Loreto region, Yaguasyacu, Ampuyacu, and Putumayo rivers.

Severely endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
~50
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
175
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
Ocaina speakers have been switching to Bora, Witoto and Spanish.

PLACES: Peru and Colombia

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Northeast, along the Yaguasyacu, Ampiyacu, Putumayo and
Algodon rivers.
Colombia, on the Igara-Panara and the Lower Putumayo rivers.
Witotoan, Witoto, Ocaina.

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
194
Native speakers worldwide
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
54 in Peru; 140 in Colombia

DATE OF INFO: 1998 (Colombia), 2000 (Peru)

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY
LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS: Also use Bora [boa], Murui Huitoto [huu], Spanish [spa].
Used as L2 by Resígaro [rgr].

PLACES: Colombia, Peru

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: In Colombia: Amazonas department: upper Igará-Paraná and tributaries.
In Peru: Loreto region: Ampuyacu, Putumayo, and Yaguasyacu rivers.

Severely endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
66
Native speakers worldwide

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
187
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
287
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
The are 137 speakers (and ethnic population) in Colombia and 50 speakers out of an ethnic population of 150 people in Peru.

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

PLACES: Colombia and Peru

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
276
Native speakers worldwide

PLACES: Peru

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Spoken in the basins of the Ampiyacu and Putumayo rivers, in the department of Loreto, in Peru.

				Base de Datos de Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios								Lima, Peru	http://bdpi.cultura.gob.pe/	Ministerio de Cultura																Peru	Spoken in the basins of the Ampiyacu and Putumayo rivers, in the department of Loreto, in Peru.
0199255911			2005	The World Atlas of Language Structures			Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer		Oxford University Press			New York			2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.																	-2.75,-71.75
	16		2009	Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)			M. Paul Lewis		SIL International			Dallas, TX	http://www.ethnologue.com/		Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)	ll_pub	150	66	2000	10-99	54 in Peru (2000). Population total all countries: 66. Ethnic population: 150 in Peru (2000 W. Adelaar).			One of the last bastions of this language is the ritual and ceremonial area.	Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)				Northeast, Loreto region, Yaguasyacu, Ampuyacu, and Putumayo rivers.	Peru; Colombia;	Northeast, Loreto region, Yaguasyacu, Ampuyacu, and Putumayo rivers.
			2016	Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 19th Edition (2016)			Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig	online	SIL International			Dallas, Texas	http://www.ethnologue.com		Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2016. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth edition (2016). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com.			194	1998 (Colombia), 2000 (Peru)	100-999	54 in Peru; 140 in Colombia		Bora, Murui Huitito, Spanish	Also use Bora [boa], Murui Huitoto [huu], Spanish [spa]. Used as L2 by Resígaro [rgr].	Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)				In Colombia: Amazonas department: upper Igará-Paraná and tributaries. In Peru: Loreto region: Ampuyacu, Putumayo, and Yaguasyacu rivers.	Colombia, Peru
		1	2015	Género y sufijos clasificatorios de discretización en ocaina (witoto)		87-103				Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica	6		file:///Users/lrc25/Downloads/13219-49533-1-PB.pdf	Fagua Rincón, Doris	Fagua Rincón, Doris. 2015. Género y sufijos clasificatorios de discretización en ocaina (witoto). Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica 6.1:87-103.			~50	2015	10-99	El ocaina es una lengua seriamente amenazada de extinción. Efectivamente, solo queda una cincuentena de hablantes fluidos de la generación de los abuelos y aproximadamente, otros cincuenta adultos entre los 35 y 45 años que poseen algún tipo de competencia para la comprensión y pasiva para la expresión. Por tal razón, esta lengua ya no es transmitida a los niños y ha sido desplazada por el castellano, que es hoy la lengua primera de las jóvenes generaciones. Uno de los últimos bastiones de esta lengua es el ámbito ritual y ceremonial (p.88). [Ocaina is a seriously endangered language. Indeed, there is only fifty fluent speakers of the grandparents generation and about fifty adults between 35 and 45 who have some competence for passive understanding and for expression. For this reason, this language is no longer transmitted to children and has been displaced by the Spanish, which today is the first language of the younger generation. One of the last bastions of this language is the ritual and ceremonial area.]	~50			Critically Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	15	15	15	ubicadas principalmente en el interfluvio Caquetá-Putumayo y en la cuenca del río Ampiyacu, afluente del Amazonas, en Colombia y Perú, respectivamente. [located mainly in the Caquetá-Putumayo interfluvial in Colombia and int the Ampiyacu River Basin in Peru.]	Colombia
	3rd		2010	Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger					UNESCO Publishing			Paris	http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas	Christopher Moseley (ed.)	Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)	ll_pub		276		100-999					Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)							-2.8552,-71.9824
			2007	South America	Atlas of the World's Endangered Languages	103-196	C. Moseley		London & New York: Routledge					Mily Crevels	Crevels, Mily. 2007. "South America." In Atlas of the World's Endangered Languages, edited by C. Moseley. 103-196. London & New York: Routledge.	HHOLD	175	~50		10-99	Ocaina speakers have been switching to Bora, Witoto and Spanish.				Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)					Peru and Colombia	Northeast, along the Yaguasyacu, Ampiyacu, Putumayo and Algodon rivers. Colombia, on the Igara-Panara and the Lower Putumayo rivers. Witotoan, Witoto, Ocaina.
				World Oral Literature Project									http://www.oralliterature.org		"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.			66		10-99					Severely Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)
			2012	Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking	The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide	167-234	Lyle Campbell and Veronica Grondona		Mouton de Gruyter			Berlin		Crevels, Mily	Crevels, Mily. 2012. "Language Endangerment in South America: The Clock Is Ticking." In The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide, edited by Hans Henrich Hock et al.. 167-234. Mouton de Gruyter.		287	187		100-999	The are 137 speakers (and ethnic population) in Colombia and 50 speakers out of an ethnic population of 150 people in Peru.		Bora, Witoto, Spanish		Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)					Colombia and Peru

Ocaina

Language metadata

Language information by source

Critically endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~50

Severely endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

66

Severely endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~50

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

194

Severely endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

66

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

187

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

276

Discussion

Ocaina

Language metadata

Language information by source

Critically endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~50

Severely endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

66

Severely endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~50

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

194

Severely endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

66

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

187

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

276

Discussion

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