Did you know Dakelh (Carrier) is severely endangered?

ALSO KNOWN AS		ᑕᗸᒡ, Carrier, les Porteurs, Takulie, Takelne, Dakelhne, Central Carrier, Upper Carrier, Nagailer, Taculli
CLASSIFICATION		Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit, Athabaskan,
LANGUAGE CODE		crx, caf
VARIANTS & DIALECTS		A lot of variation in 12 different dialects ( First People's Cultural Council 2014).
DOWNLOAD		As csv
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS		Carrier is the general term for a complex of Athabaskan dialects in central British Columbia, adjoining (but clearly distinct from) Babine on the northwest and Chilcotin on the south. Carrier (locally called Dakelh) is spoken in a number of local varieties, traditionally divided into “Upper Carrier” (the communities to the north of Fort St. James, around Stuart and Trembleur Lakes) and “Lower Carrier” in communities to the south. More recent research indicates that Lower Carrier should be split into a Fraser/Nechako dialect group (Prince George, Cheslatta, Stoney Creek, Nautley, and Stellakoh) and a Blackwater dialect group (Ulkatcho, Kluskus, Nazko, Red Bluff, and Anahim Lake). A Carrier lingua franca was established by Catholic missionaries (most notably Father A. G. Morice) in the 19th century, based on the dialect around Fort St. James, and a syllabic writing system was introduced. Ethnologue distinguishes Carrier [crx] from Southern Carrier [caf], not distinguished by other scholars.

Compare Sources (8)

Information from: “First Peoples' Language Map of British Columbia” .

Severely endangered

80 percent certain, based on the evidence available
731
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
11,807
SEMI SPEAKERS
1,484

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS
TRANSMISSION

PLACES: Canada

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: British Columbia

Severely endangered

80 percent certain, based on the evidence available
399
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
8,956
SEMI SPEAKERS
2,265
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
Of the ethnic population, 4.5% are fluent and 4.4% are semi-speakers. A further 20.6% of the population are active language learners, adding the semi-speaker and active learner portion of the population gets us the total amount of semi speakers: 2,265

DATE OF INFO: 2018

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS

TRANSMISSION

MORE ON VITALITY

4.5% fluent speakers, 4.7% semispeakers, 20.7% active learners.

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

English

Severely endangered

80 percent certain, based on the evidence available
680
Native speakers worldwide
SEMI SPEAKERS
1380

DATE OF INFO: 2014

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS

TRANSMISSION

MORE ON VITALITY

7.3% fluent speakers, 14.8% semispeakers, 8.2% learners.

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

English

PLACES: Canada: British Columbia

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: British Columbia: spoken over a wide area of central interior B.C., in 14 communities:
Lheidli-T'enneh Band  
Lhoosk'uz Dene Nation  
Lhtako Dene Nation  
Nadleh Whut'en Band  
Nak'azdli Band  
Nazko First Nation  
Saik'uz Firs tNation  
Stellat'en First Nation  
Takla Lake First Nation  
Tl'azt'en Nation  
Tsil Kaz Koh (Burns Lake)  
Ulkatchot'en First Nation  
Yekooche First Nation  
Urban centres, especially Prince  George and Quesnel

MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
Carrier is the general term for a complex of Athabaskan dialects in central British Columbia, adjoining (but clearly distinct from) Babine on the northwest and Chilcotin on the south.

PLACES: Canada

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: British Columbia, Alberta. Carrier (locally called Dakelh) is spoken in a number of local varieties, traditionally divided into “Upper Carrier” (the communities to the north of Fort St. James, around Stuart and Trembleur Lakes) and “Lower Carrier” in communities to the south. More recent research indicates that Lower Carrier should be split into a Fraser/Nechako dialect group (Prince George, Cheslatta, Stoney Creek, Nautley, and Stellakoh) and a Blackwater dialect group (Ulkatcho, Kluskus, Nazko, Red Bluff, and Anahim Lake).

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
1,500
Native speakers worldwide

310 fluent and 729 semi-speakers in British Columbia. 698 (second) language learners
Native speakers worldwide
SEMI SPEAKERS
729

Severely endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available
1,000
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
4,000
CHILDREN
0

DOMAINS OF USE
SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS
TRANSMISSION

PLACES: Canada

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Central British Columbia

			2012	First Peoples' Language Map of British Columbia							First Peoples' Cultural Council	http://www.maps.fphlcc.ca/		2012. "First Peoples' Language Map of British Columbia." edited by First Peoples' Cultural Council. Online: http://www.maps.fphlcc.ca/.		11,807	731		100-999		1,484			Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	13			14		Canada	British Columbia	53.5600000, -122.8900000
0199255911			2005	The World Atlas of Language Structures			Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer		Oxford University Press	New York				2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.																		53.75,-123.5
		3	2018	Report on the status of B.C. First Nations Languages					First People's Cultural Council		First Peoples' Cultural Council		Britt Dunlop, Suzanne Gessner, Tracey Herbert & Aliana Parker			8,956	399	2018	100-999	Of the ethnic population, 4.5% are fluent and 4.4% are semi-speakers. A further 20.6% of the population are active language learners, adding the semi-speaker and active learner portion of the population gets us the total amount of semi speakers: 2,265	2,265		English	Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	14	4.5% fluent speakers, 4.7% semispeakers, 20.7% active learners.		15
			2014	Report on the status of B.C. First Nations Languages (2nd Edition) 2014				Website: http://www.fpcc.ca/files/PDF/Language/FPCC-LanguageReport-141016-WEB.pdf	First Peoples' Cultural Council (FPCC)			http://www.fpcc.ca/files/PDF/Language/FPCC-LanguageReport-141016-WEB.pdf	First Peoples' Cultural Council (FPCC)	First Peoples' Cultural Council (FPCC). 2014. Report on the status of B.C. First Nations Languages (2nd Edition). http://www.fpcc.ca/files/PDF/Language/FPCC-LanguageReport-141016-WEB.pdf			680	2014	100-999		1380		English	Severely Endangered (80 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	14	7.3% fluent speakers, 14.8% semispeakers, 8.2% learners.		15	British Columbia: spoken over a wide area of central interior B.C., in 14 communities: Lheidli-T'enneh Band   Lhoosk'uz Dene Nation   Lhtako Dene Nation   Nadleh Whut'en Band   Nak'azdli Band   Nazko First Nation   Saik'uz Firs tNation   Stellat'en First Nation   Takla Lake First Nation   Tl'azt'en Nation   Tsil Kaz Koh (Burns Lake)   Ulkatchot'en First Nation   Yekooche First Nation   Urban centres, especially Prince  George and Quesnel	Canada: British Columbia
			2008	North America	Atlas of the World's Languages	7-41	Chris Moseley and Ron Asher		Routledge	London			Victor Golla and Ives Goddard and Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun and Mauricio Mixco	Victor Golla, Ives Goddard, Lyle Campbell, Marianne Mithun and Mauricio Mixco. 2008. "North America." In Atlas of the World's Languages, edited by Chris Moseley and Ron Asher. 7-41. Routledge.						Carrier is the general term for a complex of Athabaskan dialects in central British Columbia, adjoining (but clearly distinct from) Babine on the northwest and Chilcotin on the south.										Canada	British Columbia, Alberta. Carrier (locally called Dakelh) is spoken in a number of local varieties, traditionally divided into “Upper Carrier” (the communities to the north of Fort St. James, around Stuart and Trembleur Lakes) and “Lower Carrier” in communities to the south. More recent research indicates that Lower Carrier should be split into a Fraser/Nechako dialect group (Prince George, Cheslatta, Stoney Creek, Nautley, and Stellakoh) and a Blackwater dialect group (Ulkatcho, Kluskus, Nazko, Red Bluff, and Anahim Lake).
				World Oral Literature Project								http://www.oralliterature.org		"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.			1,500		1000-9999					Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)
			2022	Report on the Status of B.C. First Nations Languages (Fourth Edition)								https://fpcc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/FPCC-LanguageReport-23.02.14-FINAL.pdf	Gessner, Suzanne, Tracey Herbertn and Aliana Parker				310 fluent and 729 semi-speakers in British Columbia. 698 (second) language learners		1000-9999		729	698
070071197X	3	1	2007	Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages					Routledge	Abingdon			Christopher Moseley	Moseley, Christopher. 2007. Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, 1 edn. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 070071197X	ll_pub	4,000	1,000		1000-9999					Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	13		14	14		Canada	Central British Columbia

Dakelh (Carrier)

Language metadata

Language information by source

Severely endangered

80 percent certain, based on the evidence available

731

Severely endangered

80 percent certain, based on the evidence available

399

Severely endangered

80 percent certain, based on the evidence available

680

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1,500

310 fluent and 729 semi-speakers in British Columbia. 698 (second) language learners

Severely endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1,000

Discussion

Dakelh (Carrier)

Language metadata

Language information by source

Severely endangered

80 percent certain, based on the evidence available

731

Severely endangered

80 percent certain, based on the evidence available

399

Severely endangered

80 percent certain, based on the evidence available

680

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1,500

310 fluent and 729 semi-speakers in British Columbia. 698 (second) language learners

Severely endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1,000

Discussion

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Sources of information

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