Endangered Languages Project

ALSO KNOWN AS		Huo Nte, 畬語, 山哈
CLASSIFICATION		Hmong-Mien, Hmongic
CODE AUTHORITY		ISO 639-3
LANGUAGE CODE		shx
VARIANTS & DIALECTS		Lianhua Luofu
DOWNLOAD		As csv
MORE RESOURCES		OLAC search

Compare Sources (5)

Information from: “East and Southeast Asia” (349-424) . David Bradley (2007) , C. Moseley · London & New York: Routledge

Severely endangered

40 percent certain, based on the evidence available
1,000
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
709,592

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS
OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

PLACES: Guangdong Province, China

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Speakers concentrated in Boluo, Zengcheng, Huidong and Haifeng counties, all within 100 km north or northeast of Hong Kong.

Endangered

60 percent certain, based on the evidence available
910
Native speakers worldwide
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
910 (1999 Mao Zongwu). 1,200 monolinguals. 580 Luofu, 390 Lianhua (McConnell 1995). Ethnic population: 710,000 (2000 census) including 375,000 in Fujian Province, 171,000 in Zhejiang Province 78,000 in Jiangxi Province, 45,000 in Guizhou Province, and 28,000 in Guangdong.

TRANSMISSION

MORE ON VITALITY

Mainly adults speak She. Neutral attitudes.

SPEAKER ATTITUDE

neutral attitudes toward language loss

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

Hakka [hak]
Mandarin [cmn]

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS

Most ethnic She use Hakka Chinese [hak] as L1 and other Chinese as well, such as Min [nan] and Mandarin [cmn] (2007). Written Chinese is in common use.

PLACES: China;

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Southeast Guangdong Province. Luofu: Boluo and Zengcheng counties; Lianhua: Haifeng and Huidong counties.

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: More than 10 villages.

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
1,000
Native speakers worldwide

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
911
Native speakers worldwide

Severely endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available
57000
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
203452
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
30% of the population still speak She.

DATE OF INFO: 2000 census

DOMAINS OF USE

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS

TRANSMISSION

MORE ON VITALITY

A few monolinguals in She, all of them are elders. Young people tend to be monolingual in Mandarin.

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

Hakka; Mandarin; Min

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS

All of the middle-age and older generations are bilingual in She and Hakka. Some also speak Min or Mandarin. Younger generations are Mandarin-dominant, even if they have certain proficiency in She.

PLACES: China

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: eastern Fujian Province （閩東）

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: Ningde city （寧德市）

3rd		2010	Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger				UNESCO Publishing			Paris	http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas	Christopher Moseley (ed.)	Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)	ll_pub		1,000		1000-9999							Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)								23.3333,115.2459
	3	2011	閩東畬族母語的傳承與保護 Inheritance and protection of She Native Language in East Fujian		88-91			Journal of Changchun Institute of Technology (Social Science Edition)	12			Zhao, Feng 趙峰	Zhao, Feng 趙峰. 2011. 閩東畬族母語的傳承與保護 Inheritance and protection of She Native Language in East Fujian. Journal of Changchun Institute of Technology (Social Science Edition) 12.3:88-91.		203452	57000	2000 census	10000-99999	30% of the population still speak She.	all	Hakka; Mandarin; Min		All of the middle-age and older generations are bilingual in She and Hakka. Some also speak Min or Mandarin. Younger generations are Mandarin-dominant, even if they have certain proficiency in She.	all	Severely Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	14	A few monolinguals in She, all of them are elders. Young people tend to be monolingual in Mandarin.	14	14	Ningde city （寧德市）	China	eastern Fujian Province （閩東）
		2007	East and Southeast Asia	Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages	349-424	C. Moseley	London & New York: Routledge					David Bradley	Bradley, David. 2007. "East and Southeast Asia." In Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, edited by C. Moseley. 349-424. London & New York: Routledge.	HHOLD	709,592	1,000		1000-9999			Hakka and other Chinese languages				Severely Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available)				15		Guangdong Province, China	Speakers concentrated in Boluo, Zengcheng, Huidong and Haifeng counties, all within 100 km north or northeast of Hong Kong.
			World Oral Literature Project								http://www.oralliterature.org		"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.			911		100-999							Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)
16		2009	Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)			M. Paul Lewis	SIL International			Dallas, TX	http://www.ethnologue.com/		Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)	ll_pub		910		100-999	910 (1999 Mao Zongwu). 1,200 monolinguals. 580 Luofu, 390 Lianhua (McConnell 1995). Ethnic population: 710,000 (2000 census) including 375,000 in Fujian Province, 171,000 in Zhejiang Province 78,000 in Jiangxi Province, 45,000 in Guizhou Province, and 28,000 in Guangdong.		Hakka [hak], Mandarin [cmn]	neutral attitudes toward language loss	Most ethnic She use Hakka Chinese [hak] as L1 and other Chinese as well, such as Min [nan] and Mandarin [cmn] (2007). Written Chinese is in common use.	nearly all	Endangered (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	13	Mainly adults speak She. Neutral attitudes.			More than 10 villages.	China;	Southeast Guangdong Province. Luofu: Boluo and Zengcheng counties; Lianhua: Haifeng and Huidong counties.	23.173161, 114.289706; 23.261141, 113.81086; 22.966617, 115.32353; 22.984975, 114.720079

She

Language metadata

Language information by source

Severely endangered

40 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1,000

Endangered

60 percent certain, based on the evidence available

910

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1,000

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

911

Severely endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

57000

Discussion

She

Language metadata

Language information by source

Severely endangered

40 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1,000

Endangered

60 percent certain, based on the evidence available

910

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

1,000

Endangered

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

911

Severely endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

57000

Discussion

Suggest information or improvement

Download language data

Sources of information

Compare Sources