"The Baïnounk language area is characterised by a complex multilingual situation, and the different varieties are partly in contact with different languages. Depending on their location, rural speakers use two distinct varieties of the Atlantic language cluster Joola (Joola Fogny and Joola Kasa), sometimes additional Joola languages, and/or the Mande language Mandinka. All of them are also fluent to some extent in the national lingua franca Wolof, an Atlantic language, and many speak the official language French. In addition, a Portuguese-based Creole has left traces in the language. As a consequence, the Baïnounk communities exhibit extensive multilingualism as a systematic trait not just of individuals, but of entire speech communities... Interestingly though, speakers of Baïnounk are not generally multilingual in more than one Baïnounk variety."