Baale
[alias Baalesi, Baallessiye, Baaye]Klassifizierung: Surmic
·bedroht
Klassifizierung: Surmic
·bedroht
Baalesi, Baallessiye, Baaye, Bale, Dok, Ðok, Dhok, Dhuak, Kachepo, Kec̆ipo, Kic̆epo, Zilmamo, Zilmamu |
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Surmic, Southwest Surmic |
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LINGUIST List |
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koe-baa |
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Als csv |
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Informationen von: “Baale language” (423-424 ch. B: Baale) . Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (2003) , Siegbert Uhlig, et al. · Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
"The name B. (bààlɛ́, also Bale) refers to a little known language, spoken in the border area of southern Ethiopia and Sudan by approximately 9,000 people, who call themselves, as well as their home area, by the same name. Amongst neighbouring groups , the language and the people are also known as Ðok (Dhok, Dhuak), Kec̆ipo (Kic̆epo), or Zilmamu."
C̆ai
Trima
"B. [Baale] speakers may also refer to themselves as ↗Suri (súrí); the latter, however, is an ethnonym covering speakers of different languages: B., C̆ai and Trima (C̆ai-Trima-Mursi)... The sociolinguistic situation for B. [Baale] is characterized by 'bilingualism with diglossia'. The B. people also learn to speak the language of the C̆ai and Trima. But the latter, who are numerically more dominant usually do not speak the B. language... The B. share cultural traits with Ethiopian Suri (C̆ai and Tirmaga) and have similar socioeconomic and cultural organization ..."
The border area of southern Ethiopia and Sudan.
Informationen von: “Case Marking and Linguistic Geography” (67-90) . Christa König (2011) , Osamu Hieda and Christa König and Hirosi Nakagawa · John Benjamins Publishing Company
Informationen von: “Sociolinguistic survey report of Tirma, Chai, Baale and Mursi” (3) . Dimmendaal, Gerrit Jan (2002) SIL International
Tirma
Chai
Dizi
Amharic
"The name Suri is an ethnonym referring to the following communities: 1. Tirma 2. Chai (or T’id) 3. Baale... Many Baale people apparently speak Tirma and/or Chai. Only few Baale people speak Dizi or Amharic. In, for example, Jeba town there are several Dizi people speaking Baale as a second language. These people intermediate between the local and regional traders and the Baale people, when the latter come to town in order to buy salt and razor blades."
Across the border in Sudan, in an area known as Kachepo.
"Baale is also spoken across the border in Sudan, in an area known as Kachepo, which is the name used by the neighboring Toposa, Juje, and Murle for the Baale people and their country."
Informationen von: “Baale ethnography” (424-425 ch. B: Baale) . Jon G. Abbink (2003) , Siegbert Uhlig, et al. · Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
"The B. [Baale] are an ethno-linguistic group of ca. 8,000 to 8,900 people... Before the 1920s the B. were predominantly cattle-herders on on the plains around Boma, but regular conflicts with other groups in the area... disease of humans and cattle... and local disturbances in the wake of British colonialism in the early decades of 20th century caused the loss of most of their livestock and forced them to rely on shifting agriculture... After this period the B. also experienced a demographic decline."
"[Baale] live together with the ↗Murle. They are also known as ↗Suri (Lyth 1947) or Kac̆ipo, but they call themselves B. or Balethi... They have also been one of the most isolated and unknown groups in the Ethio-Sudanese region, little touched by trade, missionaries or the state administration... The B. [Baale] are said to be the first in line to organize the initiation of their new senior age-set (carried out every 25-30 years), to be followed by Tirmaga and C̆ai. These three groups also organized joint raiding and armed expeditions."
Informationen von: “A Comparative Study of the Phonetics and Phonology of Surmic Languages” . Yigezu, Moges (2001)
"Baale is spoken along the Ethio-Sudanese border by approximately 9,000 people, of whom around 5,000 probably are living in the southwestern corner of Ethiopia, in the Bench-Maji zone of the Southern Region. The name Baale is the self-name of the people as well as the name of the language."
"The Baale people have a strong sense of cultural and ethnic affinity with the Tirma and Chai..."
Ethio-Sudanese border, the southwestern corner of Ethiopia, in the Bench-Maji zone of the Southern Region.
Informationen von: “Notes on Baale” (273-317 ch. Part III Southwestern Surmic) . Yigezu, Moges, and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (1998) , Gerrit J. Dimmendaal and Marco Last · Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag
"Baale (bāālɛ́) is spoken in the border area between Ethiopia and Sudan by approximately 9,000 people, of whom around 5,000 are probably living on the Ethiopian side. The exact number of speakers however is not known; the recent census made by the Ethiopian government, for example, did not cover the Baale area... the speakers refer to themselves as Baale (bāālɛ́), singular Baalejini (bāālɛ̄jíní). The self-name Baale is also used to denote their language; alternatively, the language is referred to by its speakers as Baallessiye (bāāllēssīyé)."
Dizi
Amharic
"Only a few Baale people speak Dizi or Amharic, the two contact languages in the area... The Trima, Chai and Baale people feel a kindred spirit to exist between themselves as 'Suri' people. There is a strong sense of cultural and ethnic affinity..."
"There is almost no published material on this language..."
The border area between Ethiopia and Sudan.
"On the Ethiopian side Baale used to be spoken until fairly recently in a number of settlements situated in the area known as 'Zilmamo' among the neighbouring Dizi and Amhara people: (a) Kembu, (b) Merilingo (also known as Koma), (c) Wolezonga, (d) Merosemu, (e) Zemmi (Delele), (f) Barakoys, (g) Mooga, (h) Biila... Many Baale people have been expelled from the Zilmamo area by their southern neighbours, the Nilotic Nyangatom (Bume), who forced them to move further to the north and northeast. Many Baale now appear to have resettled in the vicinity of Jeba, in the villages such as Zemi, Bayi, Gayi (apparently the largest settlement), Gurgur, Doyika, as well as in the area between Jeba and Tulgit, in villages such as Oyima and Gotita. Also, Baale people are found in a village north of Jeba called Mooga, which is close to the Akobo River just south of the area inhabited by the Nilotic Anywa. Baale is furthermore spoken across the border in Sudan in the following settlements: (i) Miun (Meono), (j) Rummi, (k) Doole. These latter settlements are situated in the area known as 'Kachipo' among neighbouring groups such as the Jiye and Toposa, Eastern Nilotic groups living mainly west of Baale... living as cultivators and pastoralists in a geographically contiguous area starting from the Kibish valley in Ethiopia and extending westwards towards the Boma plateau in Sudan."
Informationen von: “Convergence of Baale: a Southwest Surmic language to the Southeast Surmic group, lexical evidence” (49-66) . Moges Yigezu (2005) Köln: Rüdiger Köppe
Chai-Trima
"Socially... the Baale class themselves with their Southeast Surmic neighbors - Chai-Trima - under the ethnonym Suri... This strong cultural bond has also been strengthened by frequent intermarriage between these groups, also resulting in compound bilingualism... The sociolinguistic situation among the Baale has, therefore, been characterized as 'bilingualism with diglossia', where most Baale speak Chai-Trima as a second language, but the latter do not tend to speak Baale... [Baale] speakers have exhibited resistance to total assimilation. Resistance has been so strong that their language has been preserved, and in effect, the Baale maintain a double identity. The Baale case... represents an instance of contact-induced language change resulting in rapid horizontal assimilation towards the neighboring but genetically related language."
Informationen von: “Areal diffusion versus genetic inheritance: An African perspective” (Oxford: Oxford University Press) . Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (2001) , Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R.M.W. Dixon ·
"[Baale] are in close contact with the Trima and Chai... The Trima, Chai, and Baale frequently intermarry and hold common ceremonies. They refer to themselves as Suri (or Surma people)... [There is] a situation of bilingualism with diglossia amongst speakers of Khoti and Baale... The Baale and Khoti communities maintained a partly separate identity, in that they upheld their own family ties, cultures and partly distinct ethnic history. Neither the Baale, nor the Khoti gave up their first language, presumably because they wanted to maintain a double identity... "
The border area between Ethiopia and Sudan.