濒危语言项目

易危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
~10,000
全球范围内以此语言为母语的人
更多关于使用语言人数的信息
"Naro is spoken by roughly 10000 Naro as their first, and by about the same number of people as their second language."

使用者态度: Positive
相关机构的支持: Kuru Development Trust
语言环境评论: "Hessel and Coby Visser supported the standardization of Naro and fostered literacy in this language. The language is an important feature of Naro identity and language loyalty among Naro might be the strongest of all Khoisan speaking communities. Naro is one of the dominant languages in the Ghanzi district and there is a certain level of standardization reached through decades of language work done by the Kuru Development Trust."
手写稿、文字系统和正字法: Yes

地点: Botswana; Namibia

地点描述: "The majority of Naro speakers work on commercial farms in the Ghanzi area. However, there are still some Naro villages, such as East- and West-Hanahai with 300 inhabitants each, and D’Kar with 1000 Naro inhabitants. About 1000 Naro speakers live in the bordering area in Namibia."

易危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
14,000
全球范围内以此语言为母语的人
更多关于使用语言人数的信息
10,000 in Botswana (2004 R. Cook). Population total all countries: 14,000.

信息日期: 2004

地点: Botswana, Namibia

地点描述: Ghanzi District, Ghanzi, Bere, Dekar, East Hanahai, West Hanahai, Kuke, New Kanagas, Tshobokwane, Makunda, Grootelaagte, Karakobis, Kanagas, Charles Hill, and commercial farms. Also in Namibia.

近危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
9,000
全球范围内以此语言为母语的人

语言环境评论: "Long-term language work by religious missions has created a strong sense of linguistic identity among the Naro."

易危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
14,000
全球范围内以此语言为母语的人
更多关于使用语言人数的信息
"Naro is stable"

近危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
6,000-9,000
全球范围内以此语言为母语的人
更多关于使用语言人数的信息
"According to Guenther (1986a) there are 9,000 Naro, 5,000 in Botswana and 4,000 in Namibia. Barnard (1992:135) gives the more modest figure 'more than 6,000'. According to Visser (1994) there are closer to 6,000 than to 15,000 Naro in Botswana. Hasselbring's estimation is that there are 8,000 Naro in the Ghanzi district (Hasselbring 1996:7). Whichever figure is most correct, we can conclude that the Naro is one of the major Khoisan groups. They may constitute something like 10 per cent of the Khoisan speaking people in Botswana."

语言环境评论: "It is probably not the case today that Naro attracts new speakers from other non-Khoisan groups, but among the Khoisan languages it is clear that Naro is one of the stronger languages. To some extent, Naro is used as a lingua franca among other Khoisan speakers in the Ghanzi area."

地点描述: "The Naro live along the Ghanzi Ridge, a 100-150 km wide ridge of sedentary and volcanic formation which runs along the road from Sandfontein to Maun. In fact, the road was built along the ridge. The area is rich in water and has been the traditional area of the Naro."

近危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
9,000
全球范围内以此语言为母语的人
民族人口
9,000
更多关于使用语言人数的信息
"The name 'Naro' 'appears to hold no meaning other than being the specific designation for the language of this group.' (Guenther, 1986a, p 5) They use their language to differentiate themselves from other Bushmen."

信息日期: 1986

手写稿、文字系统和正字法: Roman
正字法: "Visser (1994) devised a fully romanised orthography for the Naro. However, the language is not standardized."

地点: Eastern Namibia, western Ghanzi district of Botswana.

易危

40 percent certain, based on the evidence available
更多关于使用语言人数的信息
6,000-8,000 speakers in Botswana

信息日期: 1995

使用领域

使用者趋势

更多关于活力的信息

"Forty three percent of those [in the Ghanzi District] who speak a language other than the one they learned from their parents best said that they speak Naro best. According to this data, Naro has in this generation gained more speakers than it lost."

使用者态度

Positive

相关机构的支持

Used as medium of education in some preschools

该群体使用的其他语言

!Xóõ
/Gwi
≠Kx'au//'ein
Afrikaans
English
Goo
Herero
Kgalagari
Nama
Ts'ao
Tswana

语言环境评论

"Some booklets are being published and some adults are being taught to read and write Naro… Naro is being used as a medium of education in some preschools in Ghanzi District."

"Most of the people in the Ghanzi District speak two or more languages. More people said that they speak Tswana as a second language than any other language. "

手写稿、文字系统和正字法

Yes

正字法

"An orthography was developed for the language in the early 1990's."

地点: Botswana, Namibia

地点描述: Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana; Namibia

其他评论: "[Naro] is spoken primarily in Ghanzi District."

易危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
~10,000
全球范围内以此语言为母语的人

地点: Botswana, Namibia

地点描述: Gantsi District, Botswana

其他评论: "The Naro language is mainly spoken in an area that stretches from Kuke in the Gantsi District in Botswana, through Gantsi town, to just over the border into Namibia."

濒危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
民族人口
7,600-9,400

信息日期: 1995-1999

使用领域

更多关于活力的信息

"Certainly the vitality of Naro was assisted by the relatively positive attitude that Afrikaans-speakers in Ghanzi have had toward Naro. Afrikaans-speaking ranchers are often bilingual in Naro to some degree. Afrikaans-speaking shop keepers often speak Naro to their customers."

使用者态度

Positive

语言环境评论

"Both Naro and Ju|'hoan have had language development efforts for over a decade. This may have resulted in more positive attitudes among the speakers of these languages."

地点: Botswana

地点描述: Ghanzi

其他评论: Villages, settlements, and towns: "East Hanahai, West Hanahai, Chobokwane, New Xanagas, D'kar, Ghanzi, Bere, Kacgae, Kuke, Groot Laagte, Karakobis, Charles Hill, Kule"

使用者态度: Positive
相关机构的支持: Kuru Development Trust
该群体使用的其他语言
语言环境评论: "The [Kuru Development] Trust has managed, for several years, to empower the Naro people through literacy, education and texts in the Naro language. This has resulted in enhanced linguistic vitality and cultural pride."
手写稿、文字系统和正字法: Yes

地点: Botswana

易危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
~10,000
全球范围内以此语言为母语的人

信息日期: 1991

相关机构的支持: Dictionary, Bible translation, Kuru Development Trust, literacy classes and materials, Qauqaua book of folk tales
手写稿、文字系统和正字法: Latin-based, rendering clicks with rarely-used Latin letters
正字法: "We collected words and put them in a wordlist. This list grew into a dictionary, of which we published a first preliminary version in 1994. In the meantime, we had developed a preliminary orthography, that would also serve the purpose of teaching the local people to read and write."

地点: Botswana

地点描述: D'kar, Ghanzi District

其他评论: "This [Naro] population is spread out over a big area, stretching from over the border with Namibia through Ghanzi town to the Kike area in Ngamiland."

别称		Nharo, Naron, /Ai San, Nharon, Nhauru, Nhaurun, \|\|Aikwe, \|Aikwe, \|\|Ai\|\|en, \|\|Aisan, \|\|Ai\|\|e, Qoo, Gaa, Ts'ao
语系		Khoe, Kalahari
ORTHOGRAPHY		Yes
注册机构代码		ISO 639-3
语言代码		nhr
方言和语支		Ts'ao
下载		文件格式： csv
更多资源		OLAC 搜索

	Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft		2000	Where are the Khoesan of Botswana?	Botswana: the Future of the Minority Languages	13-31		Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja	Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang	40				Sue Hasselbring	Sue Hasselbring. 2000. "Where Are the Khoesan of Botswana?" In Botswana: the Future of the Minority Languages, edited by Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja. 40: 13-31. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.	HHOLD	7,600-9,400		1995-1999				To the chief, clinic workers		Positive	"Both Naro and Ju\|'hoan have had language development efforts for over a decade. This may have resulted in more positive attitudes among the speakers of these languages."			Endangered (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	"Certainly the vitality of Naro was assisted by the relatively positive attitude that Afrikaans-speakers in Ghanzi have had toward Naro. Afrikaans-speaking ranchers are often bilingual in Naro to some degree. Afrikaans-speaking shop keepers often speak Naro to their customers."	13		Villages, settlements, and towns: "East Hanahai, West Hanahai, Chobokwane, New Xanagas, D'kar, Ghanzi, Bere, Kacgae, Kuke, Groot Laagte, Karakobis, Charles Hill, Kule"	Botswana	Ghanzi	-22.156446,21.88433
0199255911			2005	The World Atlas of Language Structures				Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer	Oxford University Press		New York				2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.																					-22.3333333333,20.5
		16	2009	Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)				M. Paul Lewis	SIL International		Dallas, TX		http://www.ethnologue.com/		Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)	ll_pub		14,000	2004	10000-99999	10,000 in Botswana (2004 R. Cook). Population total all countries: 14,000.								Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)					Botswana, Namibia	Ghanzi District, Ghanzi, Bere, Dekar, East Hanahai, West Hanahai, Kuke, New Kanagas, Tshobokwane, Makunda, Grootelaagte, Karakobis, Kanagas, Charles Hill, and commercial farms. Also in Namibia.
	Sociolinguistic studies of Botswana language series		2000	A sociolinguistic survey of the languages of Botswana		1-142			Basarwa Languages Project, Collaborative Basarwa Research Programme of the Univ. of Botswana & Univ. of Tromsø	v. 1	Gaborone			Hasselbring, Sue	Sue Hasselbring. 2000. "A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Languages of Botswana." v. 1: 1-142. Basarwa Languages Project, Collaborative Basarwa Research Programme of the Univ. of Botswana & Univ. of Tromsø.	EBALL			1995		6,000-8,000 speakers in Botswana		With the chief, at the clinic, church, writing	!Xóõ, /Gwi, ≠Kx'au//'ein, Afrikaans, English, Goo, Herero, Kgalagari, Nama, Ts'ao, Tswana	Positive	"Some booklets are being published and some adults are being taught to read and write Naro… Naro is being used as a medium of education in some preschools in Ghanzi District." "Most of the people in the Ghanzi District speak two or more languages. More people said that they speak Tswana as a second language than any other language. "	Used as medium of education in some preschools		Vulnerable (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	"Forty three percent of those [in the Ghanzi District] who speak a language other than the one they learned from their parents best said that they speak Naro best. According to this data, Naro has in this generation gained more speakers than it lost."	12	10	"[Naro] is spoken primarily in Ghanzi District."	Botswana, Namibia	Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana; Namibia
			1998	Few People, Many Tongues: The Languages of Namibia		222			Windhoek, Namibia: Gamsberg Macmillan					Jouni F. Maho	Maho, Jouni F. 1998. Few People, Many Tongues: The Languages of Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia: Gamsberg Macmillan. x+222pp. (Survey of the linguistic typology and the sociolinguistics of the Namibian languages. Revision (heavy) of Maho (1993).)	HHOLD	9,000	9,000	1986	1000-9999	"The name 'Naro' 'appears to hold no meaning other than being the specific designation for the language of this group.' (Guenther, 1986a, p 5) They use their language to differentiate themselves from other Bushmen."								Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)					Eastern Namibia, western Ghanzi district of Botswana.
			2011	The twelve modern Khoisan languages	Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Khoisan Languages and Linguistics									Matthias Brenzinger	Matthias Brenzinger. 2011. "The Twelve Modern Khoisan Languages." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Khoisan Languages and Linguistics,			~10,000		10000-99999	"Naro is spoken by roughly 10000 Naro as their first, and by about the same number of people as their second language."	Several thousand			Positive	"Hessel and Coby Visser supported the standardization of Naro and fostered literacy in this language. The language is an important feature of Naro identity and language loyalty among Naro might be the strongest of all Khoisan speaking communities. Naro is one of the dominant languages in the Ghanzi district and there is a certain level of standardization reached through decades of language work done by the Kuru Development Trust."	Kuru Development Trust		Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)					Botswana; Namibia	"The majority of Naro speakers work on commercial farms in the Ghanzi area. However, there are still some Naro villages, such as East- and West-Hanahai with 300 inhabitants each, and D’Kar with 1000 Naro inhabitants. About 1000 Naro speakers live in the bordering area in Namibia."	-21.677848, 21.717224
9780520255609			2008	One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost					University of California					Peter Austin	Austin, Peter. 2008. "One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost." University of California.			14,000		10000-99999	"Naro is stable"								Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)
			1997	Khoisan groups and languages	Languages in Botswana: language ecology in southern Africa	123-142	Deals with Ju/’hoan, €Kx’au//’ein, Nama/Damara, Naro, /Gwi, //Gana, Kxoe, Shua, Tshwa, and !Xóõ.		Longman Botswana		Gaborone			Lars-Gunnar Andersson and Tore Janson	Lars-Gunnar Andersson and Tore Janson. 1997. "Khoisan Groups and Languages." In Languages in Botswana: language ecology in southern Africa, 123-142. Longman Botswana.	EBALL		6,000-9,000		1000-9999	"According to Guenther (1986a) there are 9,000 Naro, 5,000 in Botswana and 4,000 in Namibia. Barnard (1992:135) gives the more modest figure 'more than 6,000'. According to Visser (1994) there are closer to 6,000 than to 15,000 Naro in Botswana. Hasselbring's estimation is that there are 8,000 Naro in the Ghanzi district (Hasselbring 1996:7). Whichever figure is most correct, we can conclude that the Naro is one of the major Khoisan groups. They may constitute something like 10 per cent of the Khoisan speaking people in Botswana."					"It is probably not the case today that Naro attracts new speakers from other non-Khoisan groups, but among the Khoisan languages it is clear that Naro is one of the stronger languages. To some extent, Naro is used as a lingua franca among other Khoisan speakers in the Ghanzi area."			Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)						"The Naro live along the Ghanzi Ridge, a 100-150 km wide ridge of sedentary and volcanic formation which runs along the road from Sandfontein to Maun. In fact, the road was built along the ridge. The area is rich in water and has been the traditional area of the Naro."
	Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach-und Kulturwissenschaft		2000	Linguistic Barriers as a Hindrance to Information Flow: The Case of Botswana	Botswana: the Future of the Minority Languages	95-104		Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja	Peter Lang		Düsseldorf, Germany			Herman M. Batibo and Naledi Mosaka	Herman M. Batibo and Naledi Mosaka. 2000. "Linguistic Barriers As a Hindrance To Information Flow: The Case of Botswana." In Botswana: the Future of the Minority Languages, edited by Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja. 95-104. Peter Lang.								Radio	Setswana, English	Positive	"The [Kuru Development] Trust has managed, for several years, to empower the Naro people through literacy, education and texts in the Naro language. This has resulted in enhanced linguistic vitality and cultural pride."	Kuru Development Trust	Setswana proficiency: 39.8%%; English: 25.4%%						Botswana
	Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung (Research in Khoisan studies), #15		1998	The phonological system of Naro	Language, identity and conceptualization among the Khoisan	117-136		Schladt, Mathias	Rüdiger Köppe Verlag	15	Köln			Visser, Hessel	Hessel Visser. 1998. "The Phonological System of Naro." In Language, identity and conceptualization among the Khoisan, edited by Mathias Schladt. 15: 117-136. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.	EBALL		~10,000		10000-99999									Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)				"The Naro language is mainly spoken in an area that stretches from Kuke in the Gantsi District in Botswana, through Gantsi town, to just over the border into Namibia."	Botswana, Namibia	Gantsi District, Botswana	-23.308207,24.489684; -21.698744,21.630093; -21.693161,20.920286
	Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft, #40		2000	Language and cultural empowerment of the Khoesan people: the Naro experience	Botswana: the Future of the Minority Languages	193-215		Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja	Peter Lang	40	Frankfurt-am-Main			Hessel Visser	Hessel Visser. 2000. "Language and Cultural Empowerment of the Khoesan People: the Naro Experience." In Botswana: the Future of the Minority Languages, edited by Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja. 40: 193-215. Peter Lang.	EBALL		~10,000	1991	10000-99999							Dictionary, Bible translation, Kuru Development Trust, literacy classes and materials, Qauqaua book of folk tales		Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)				"This [Naro] population is spread out over a big area, stretching from over the border with Namibia through Ghanzi town to the Kike area in Ngamiland."	Botswana	D'kar, Ghanzi District	-21.53317,21.934448
9783110170498	Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs		2007	Language Endangerment in Southern and Eastern Africa	Language Diversity Endangered	179-204		Matthias Brenzinger	Mouton de Gruyter		Berlin	9		Matthias Brenzinger	Brenzinger, Matthias. 2007. "Language Endangerment in Southern and Eastern Africa." In Language Diversity Endangered, edited by Matthias Brenzinger. 179-204. Mouton de Gruyter.			9,000		1000-9999		about 9,000				"Long-term language work by religious missions has created a strong sense of linguistic identity among the Naro."			Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)

Naro

语言元数据

语言文献论坛

易危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~10,000

易危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

14,000

近危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

9,000

易危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

14,000

近危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

6,000-9,000

近危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

9,000

易危

40 percent certain, based on the evidence available

易危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~10,000

濒危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

易危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~10,000

讨论

Naro

语言元数据

语言文献论坛

易危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~10,000

易危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

14,000

近危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

9,000

易危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

14,000

近危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

6,000-9,000

近危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

9,000

易危

40 percent certain, based on the evidence available

易危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~10,000

濒危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

易危

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

~10,000

讨论

建议添加信息或提高信息质量

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信息来源

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