Raji
[aka Rajibar]Classification: Sino-Tibetan
·endangered
Classification: Sino-Tibetan
·endangered
Rajibar |
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Sino-Tibetan, Raji-Raute |
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ISO 639-3 |
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rji |
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As csv |
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Information from: “The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh” (187-194) . Suhnu Ram Sharma (2001) , Yasuhiko Nagano and Randy J. Lapolla · Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology
472 in India only; there is also a population of Raji speakers in Tibet.
"[Tibeto-Burman language] speakers in this area are in close contact with the dominant speakers of Garhwali and Kumauni in their oral communication and with Hindi in written and spoken modes due to the nature of the socio-political and educational systems. The TB speakers start learning both their native languages and Kumauni or Garhwali simultaneously. Native languages are learnt at home within the family and Garhwali or Kumauni is learnt from friends outside the home... There is an increasing amount of code switching between Hindi and Kumauni/Garhwali in discussions, both formal and informal. Hindi enjoys high prestige and the TB languages have low prestige... If the present socio-political and economic situation, and the sociolinguistic patterns of language use continue to exist, it is possible to predict that the speakers of the TB languages in this region will eventually shift completely to the majority languages, though it may turn out that a stable bilingualism will continue to exist, preserving the TB languages."
Hindi
"Hindi is the official language of Uttar Pradesh and is widely used as a medium of education and instruction from primary school to the university level. All written communication, mass media, radio and television, political speeches, and formal and official discussions take place in Hindi. English is taught as one of the subjects at the high school level and some of the science subjects are also taught in English at the university level... All the [Tibeto-Burman] languages are used in the home with family members and friends from the same group... Code switching and code mixing are very common. A coordinate and stable type of bilingualism must have existed for a long time. No one has been reported to be a monolingual in any age group among the speakers of TB languages."
"[These Tibeto-Burman] languages are not used in any type of written communication."
Information from: “Role of Linguistic Landscape in the Revitalization of an Endangered Language RAJI” . Rastogi, Kavita (2018) SEL
"All community members speak a highly mixed variety, but the positive point is that intergenerational language transmission exists."
Kumauni
Hindi
Information from: “South Asia and the Middle East” (283-348) . George van Driem (2007) , Christopher Moseley · London & New York: Routledge
Terai and Pithauragadh
Information from: “The World Atlas of Language Structures” . Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer · Oxford University Press
Information from: “Causatives in Raji” (271-280) . Rai, Purna Prasad (2008)
"in some remote villages of Surkhet, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Bardiya an Banke districts of Nepal and Uttaranchal state of India"
Sources |
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Isbn | Series | Month | Edition | Num | Year | Title | Booktitle | Pages | Note | Editor | Howpublished | Publisher | Journal | Volume | Address | Institution | Chapter | Translator | School | Url | Author | Free Text Citation | Copied From | Older Adults | Ethnic Population | Young Adults | Private Comment | Speaker Number Text | Date Of Info | Speaker Number | Public Comment | Semi Speakers | Elders | Second Language Speakers | Domains Other Langs | Other Languages Used | Private Comment | Government Support | Speaker Attitude | Public Comment | Institutional Support | Number Speaker Other Languages | Endangerment Level | Transmission | Private Comment | Public Comment | Domains Of Use | Speaker Number Trends | Private Comment | Public Comment | Places | Description | Coordinates |
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SOURCE: “The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh” (187-194) . Suhnu Ram Sharma (2001) , Yasuhiko Nagano and Randy J. Lapolla · Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology |
SOURCE: “Personal Communication” . Gregory Anderson (2012) |
SOURCE: “The World Atlas of Language Structures” . , Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer · Oxford University Press |
SOURCE: “South Asia and the Middle East” (283-348) . George van Driem (2007) , Christopher Moseley · London & New York: Routledge |
SOURCE: “National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report)” . |
SOURCE: “Causatives in Raji” (271-280) . Rai, Purna Prasad (2008) |
Bon Studies | 2001 | The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh | New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages | 187-194 | Yasuhiko Nagano and Randy J. Lapolla | Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology | 3 | Suhnu Ram Sharma | Sharma, Suhnu Ram. 2001. "The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh." In New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages, edited by Yasuhiko Nagano and Randy J. Lapolla. 3: 187-194. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology. | HHOLD | 472 (in India) | 1988 | 100-999 | 472 in India only; there is also a population of Raji speakers in Tibet. | Hindi | "Hindi is the official language of Uttar Pradesh and is widely used as a medium of education and instruction from primary school to the university level. All written communication, mass media, radio and television, political speeches, and formal and official discussions take place in Hindi. English is taught as one of the subjects at the high school level and some of the science subjects are also taught in English at the university level... All the [Tibeto-Burman] languages are used in the home with family members and friends from the same group... Code switching and code mixing are very common. A coordinate and stable type of bilingualism must have existed for a long time. No one has been reported to be a monolingual in any age group among the speakers of TB languages." | All | Endangered (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | "[Tibeto-Burman language] speakers in this area are in close contact with the dominant speakers of Garhwali and Kumauni in their oral communication and with Hindi in written and spoken modes due to the nature of the socio-political and educational systems. The TB speakers start learning both their native languages and Kumauni or Garhwali simultaneously. Native languages are learnt at home within the family and Garhwali or Kumauni is learnt from friends outside the home... There is an increasing amount of code switching between Hindi and Kumauni/Garhwali in discussions, both formal and informal. Hindi enjoys high prestige and the TB languages have low prestige... If the present socio-political and economic situation, and the sociolinguistic patterns of language use continue to exist, it is possible to predict that the speakers of the TB languages in this region will eventually shift completely to the majority languages, though it may turn out that a stable bilingualism will continue to exist, preserving the TB languages." | 13 | India | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2012 | Personal Communication | Personal Communication | Gregory Anderson | Gregory Anderson. 2012. "Personal Communication." | 2,410 | 2001 | 1000-9999 | 2,410 speakers listed in 2001 census. | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0199255911 | 2005 | The World Atlas of Language Structures | Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer | Oxford University Press | New York | 2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press. | 28.0,82.75 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2018 | Role of Linguistic Landscape in the Revitalization of an Endangered Language RAJI | SEL | SEL Journal | 3 (II) | https://selindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Vol_III-Issue-II-K-Rastogi.pdf | Rastogi, Kavita | Kumauni, Hindi | Safe (40 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 10 | "All community members speak a highly mixed variety, but the positive point is that intergenerational language transmission exists." | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2007 | South Asia and the Middle East | Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages | 283-348 | Christopher Moseley | London & New York: Routledge | George van Driem | George van Driem. 2007. "South Asia and the Middle East." In Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, edited by C. Moseley. 283-348. London & New York: Routledge. | HHOLD | 3,274 | 2,959 | 1991 | 1000-9999 | 1991 census | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Nepal | Terai and Pithauragadh | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NPHC 2011 | November | 2012 | National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report) | 01 | Central Bureau of Statistics | http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_phc/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf | Central Bureau of Statistics. 2012. National Population and Housing Census 2011 (NPHC2011), volume 1. Kathmandu, Nepal. | 3758 | 2011 census | 1000-9999 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Nepal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2008 | Causatives in Raji | 271-280 | Nepalese Linguistics | 23 | http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/nepling/pdf/Nep_Ling_23.pdf | Rai, Purna Prasad | Rai, Purna Prasad. 2008. Causatives in Raji. Nepalese Linguistics 23. 271-280. | 2399 | 2413 (in Nepal) | 2001 census | 1000-9999 | Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Nepal; India | "in some remote villages of Surkhet, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Bardiya an Banke districts of Nepal and Uttaranchal state of India" |