Endangered Languages Project

ALSO KNOWN AS		Khowār, Citālī, Čitarī, Arnyiā, Arniyā, Qāšqarī, Khawar, Chitrali, Citrali, Chitrari, Arniya, Patu, Qashqari, Kashkari, Dardu
CLASSIFICATION		Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern Zone
CODE AUTHORITY		ISO 639-3
LANGUAGE CODE		khw
VARIANTS & DIALECTS		North Khowar Swat Khowar South Khowar East Khowar
DOWNLOAD		As csv
MORE RESOURCES		OLAC search
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS		Can be marginally considered threatened, but as a local lingua franca, it should not be considered endangered per se in Pakistan. In India on the other hand, it should be considered to reflect incipient endangerment.

Compare Sources (6)

Information from: “Dardic” (818-894) . Elena Bashir (2003) , George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain · London & New York: Routledge

At risk

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
300,000
Native speakers worldwide

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY
LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS: It is the lingua franca of Chitral, Pakistan.

PLACES: Pakistan

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: District Chitral; other villages in Ishkoman and Yasin an dupper Swat, Peshawar, Karachi, and Vrang in Wakhan

At risk

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
222,800
Native speakers worldwide

PLACES: Pakistan: Chitral valley

At risk

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
242,000
Native speakers worldwide

PLACES: Pakistan; India

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: "Chitral, Northern areas, Ushu in northern Swat"

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS: The central subgroup is further subdivided into northern and southern groupings. The northern grouping includes Khowar (or Chitrali, Chitrari, Chatrori, Arniya) and Kalasha in the Chitral region. The southern grouping includes Tirahi, Gawar (or Gawar-bati, lit., “language of the Gawar people”), Katarkalai (or Wotapuri, referring to another dialect), Shumashti, Glangali (closely related Ningalami, reported in the literature but apparently no longer extant), and Pashai, a large group of extremely divergent dialects or closely related languages, in the southern part of Nūrestān and adjacent areas.

PLACES: Afghanistan; Pakistan; India

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: part of Nūrestān and adjacent areas along the Kabul river and its tributaries in the mountain region that encompasses northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and northwestern India

		1994	Dardestān ii. Language					Encyclopedia Iranica		http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dardestan-#i	Edel'man, D.I.	D.I. Edel'man. 1994. "Dardestān Ii. Language." In Encyclopedia Iranica, Online: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dardestan-#i.					The central subgroup is further subdivided into northern and southern groupings. The northern grouping includes Khowar (or Chitrali, Chitrari, Chatrori, Arniya) and Kalasha in the Chitral region. The southern grouping includes Tirahi, Gawar (or Gawar-bati, lit., “language of the Gawar people”), Katarkalai (or Wotapuri, referring to another dialect), Shumashti, Glangali (closely related Ningalami, reported in the literature but apparently no longer extant), and Pashai, a large group of extremely divergent dialects or closely related languages, in the southern part of Nūrestān and adjacent areas.		Afghanistan; Pakistan; India	part of Nūrestān and adjacent areas along the Kabul river and its tributaries in the mountain region that encompasses northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and northwestern India
	Routledge Language Family Series	2003	Dardic	The Indo-Aryan Languages	818-894	George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain	London & New York: Routledge				Elena Bashir	Bashir, Elena. 2003. "Dardic." In The Indo-Aryan Languages, edited by George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain. 818-894. London & New York: Routledge.	HHOLD	300,000	100000	Urdu; Pashto	It is the lingua franca of Chitral, Pakistan.	At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	Pakistan	District Chitral; other villages in Ishkoman and Yasin an dupper Swat, Peshawar, Karachi, and Vrang in Wakhan
0199255911		2005	The World Atlas of Language Structures			Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer	Oxford University Press		New York			2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.									36.0,72.0
		2006	Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in Pakistan	Lesser-known languages of South Asia: status and policies, case studies and applications of information technology	73-106	Anju Saxena and Lars Borin	Mouton de Gruyter		Berlin		Tariq Rahman	Tariq Rahman. 2006. "Language Policy, Multilingualism and Language Vitality in Pakistan." In Lesser-known languages of South Asia: status and policies, case studies and applications of information technology, edited by Anju Saxena and Lars Borin. 73-106. Mouton de Gruyter.		242,000	100000			At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	Pakistan; India	"Chitral, Northern areas, Ushu in northern Swat"
		2007	South Asia and the Middle East	Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages	283-348	Christopher Moseley	London & New York: Routledge				George van Driem	George van Driem. 2007. "South Asia and the Middle East." In Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, edited by C. Moseley. 283-348. London & New York: Routledge.	HHOLD	222,800	100000			At risk (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	Pakistan: Chitral valley
			Glottolog							http://www.glottolog.org/glottolog/		"Glottolog." Online: http://www.glottolog.org/glottolog/.									35.994008, 72.001475

Khowar

Language metadata

Language information by source

At risk

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

300,000

At risk

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

222,800

At risk

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

242,000

Discussion

Khowar

Language metadata

Language information by source

At risk

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

300,000

At risk

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

222,800

At risk

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

242,000

Discussion

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