Endangered Languages Project

ALSO KNOWN AS		Kiholoholo, Horohoro, Guha, Kalanga, Kikalanga, Ikalanga, Lilima, Sekalaka, Chikalanga
CLASSIFICATION		Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Benue-Congo, Southern Bantoid
ORTHOGRAPHY		Yes
CODE AUTHORITY		ISO 639-3
LANGUAGE CODE		hoo
DOWNLOAD		As csv
MORE RESOURCES		OLAC search

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Information from: “A sociolinguistic survey of the languages of Botswana” (1-142) . Hasselbring, Sue (2000) Basarwa Languages Project, Collaborative Basarwa Research Programme of the Univ. of Botswana & Univ. of Tromsø

Vulnerable

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available
100,000
Native speakers worldwide
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
~150,000 speakers in Botswana

DATE OF INFO: 1996-1998

DOMAINS OF USE

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS

TRANSMISSION

MORE ON VITALITY

"Over three fourths of… Kalanga [Holoholo] respondents also said that they speak their own languages best."

"Among the youth and children however, //Gana, Kalanga [Holoholo] and especially Nambya… are showing some signs of losing vitality."

SPEAKER ATTITUDE

Positive

INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT

Used as medium of education in some Zimbabwe primary schools

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

Tswana
English
Herero
Nambya
Ndebele
Khoesan
Kuhane
Yeyi

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS

"Kalanga [Holoholo] is used as a mediium of education for the first several years of school in some parts of Zimbabwe. The Kalanga Bible Translation Project has recently completed the New Testament in Kalanga. Mukani Action Campaign is a group of Kalanga writers who are publishing and selling books in Kalanga."

"!Goro, //Gana, Kalanga [Holoholo], Kua, and Nambya being used by all ages of speakers, although none have institutional support."

Scripts (Writing system)

Yes

More on Orthography

"Literacy efforts in Kalanga [Holoholo] first began in the early 1900's."

PLACES: Botswana, Zimbabwe

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Northeast, Tutume, Boteti, Botswana

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: "Kalanga speakers live primarily in the Northeast District and Central District [of Botswana], specifically in Boteti and Tutume Subdistricts and to a lesser extent in Serowe Subdistrict. Kalanga is also spoken in Zimbabwe in the area around Plumtree."

PLACES: Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: "La langue holoholo... est parlée dans la région de Kalemie au Shaba."

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY
LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS: "... the Ikalanga South is closer to Francistown, where most speakers are proficient in Setswana due to the cosmopolitan nature of the area."

PLACES: Botswana

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
15,500
Native speakers worldwide

DATE OF INFO: 2002

	Sociolinguistic studies of Botswana language series		2000	A sociolinguistic survey of the languages of Botswana		1-142		Basarwa Languages Project, Collaborative Basarwa Research Programme of the Univ. of Botswana & Univ. of Tromsø		v. 1	Gaborone		Hasselbring, Sue	Sue Hasselbring. 2000. "A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Languages of Botswana." v. 1: 1-142. Basarwa Languages Project, Collaborative Basarwa Research Programme of the Univ. of Botswana & Univ. of Tromsø.	EBALL		1996-1998	100000	~150,000 speakers in Botswana	Chief, kgotla, at the clinic, singing to oneself, church, prayer, children, reading/writing	Tswana, English, Herero, Nambya, Ndebele, Khoesan, Kuhane, Yeyi	Positive	"Kalanga [Holoholo] is used as a mediium of education for the first several years of school in some parts of Zimbabwe. The Kalanga Bible Translation Project has recently completed the New Testament in Kalanga. Mukani Action Campaign is a group of Kalanga writers who are publishing and selling books in Kalanga." "!Goro, //Gana, Kalanga [Holoholo], Kua, and Nambya being used by all ages of speakers, although none have institutional support."	Used as medium of education in some Zimbabwe primary schools		Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	11	"Over three fourths of… Kalanga [Holoholo] respondents also said that they speak their own languages best." "Among the youth and children however, //Gana, Kalanga [Holoholo] and especially Nambya… are showing some signs of losing vitality."	12	11	"Kalanga speakers live primarily in the Northeast District and Central District [of Botswana], specifically in Boteti and Tutume Subdistricts and to a lesser extent in Serowe Subdistrict. Kalanga is also spoken in Zimbabwe in the area around Plumtree."	Botswana, Zimbabwe	Northeast, Tutume, Boteti, Botswana	-20.537649,27.006712;-20.899871,24.773741;-20.513856,27.811018
	Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach-und Kulturwissenschaft		2000	Linguistic Barriers as a Hindrance to Information Flow: The Case of Botswana	Botswana: the Future of the Minority Languages	95-104	Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja	Peter Lang			Düsseldorf, Germany		Herman M. Batibo and Naledi Mosaka	Herman M. Batibo and Naledi Mosaka. 2000. "Linguistic Barriers As a Hindrance To Information Flow: The Case of Botswana." In Botswana: the Future of the Minority Languages, edited by Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja. 95-104. Peter Lang.						Radio	Setswana, English		"... the Ikalanga South is closer to Francistown, where most speakers are proficient in Setswana due to the cosmopolitan nature of the area."		Setswana proficiency: 19.8%% in the north, 55.1%% in the south; English: 10%%							Botswana
			1987	Phonologie historique du holoholo		317-348			Annales Aequatoria	8			Kamba-Muzenga, Jean-Georges	Kamba-Muzenga, Jean-Georges. 1987. "Phonologie Historique Du Holoholo." In Annales Aequatoria, 8: 317-348.	EBALL																	Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo	"La langue holoholo... est parlée dans la région de Kalemie au Shaba."	-5.929728,29.200433
0199255911			2005	The World Atlas of Language Structures			Bernard Comrie and David Gil and Martin Haspelmath and Matthew S. Dryer	Oxford University Press			New York			2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.																				-5.16666666667,29.9166666667
		16	2009	Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)			M. Paul Lewis	SIL International			Dallas, TX	http://www.ethnologue.com/		Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)	ll_pub	15,500	2002	10000-99999								Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)

Holoholo

Language metadata

Language information by source

Vulnerable

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

100,000

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

15,500

Discussion

Holoholo

Language metadata

Language information by source

Vulnerable

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

100,000

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

15,500

Discussion

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