Endangered Languages Project

ALSO KNOWN AS		Palūla, Palola, Dangarīk, Palula, Phalulo, Dangarik, Biyori, Dardu
CLASSIFICATION		Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern Zone
CODE AUTHORITY		ISO 639-3
LANGUAGE CODE		phl
VARIANTS & DIALECTS		Northern Phalura Ashreti
DOWNLOAD		As csv
MORE RESOURCES		OLAC search

Compare Sources (8)

Information from: “Towards a grammatical description of Palula: An Indo-Aryan language of the Hindu Kush” . Henrik Liljegren (2008)

Vulnerable

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available
9,841
Native speakers worldwide

DOMAINS OF USE

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS

TRANSMISSION

MORE ON VITALITY

"Palula is almost exclusively used among people who speak Palula as their first language. Within the Biori and Ashret Valleys, it is in most cases the only language in communicative use, and there are very few native speakers of other languages residing in those locations." (p. 40)

SPEAKER ATTITUDE

positive

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

Khowar; Pashto; Urdu

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS

Urdu is the official language and medium for instruction while Pashto is the provincial language where the Palula live. Khowar is used with non-Palulu speakers in Chitral whereas Pashto is used with non-Khowar speakers in the province.

PLACES: Pakistan

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: The Palula mainly dwell in the Ashret and the Biori valleys, located in the southern part of Chitral district, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Scattered settlements are also found in Purigal, Kalkatak and Badrugal where the vitality of Palula is decreasing.

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
10,000
Native speakers worldwide

DATE OF INFO: 2006

PLACES: Pakistan

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
8,600
Native speakers worldwide

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
8,600
Native speakers worldwide

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
7,000-9,000
Native speakers worldwide

PLACES: Pakistan

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Southern Chitral, in the villages of Ashret, Kalkatak, Byori, Ghos, and Purigal

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS: The eastern subgroup includes Kashmiri in the Kashmir valley; Shina in the districts of Gilgit and Tangir, north of Kashmir; Phalura (or Palola) and the closely related Sawi; and a number of languages and dialects sometimes referred to generally as Kōhestānī (lit., “of the mountains”) in the Indus, Swat, and Panjkora basins: Maiyan (so called by native speakers but Kōhestānī by others) with the Kanywali dialect, Torwali, and Bashkarik (or Diri, known in another dialect variant as Garwi).

PLACES: Afghanistan; Pakistan; India

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: part of Nūrestān and adjacent areas along the Kabul river and its tributaries in the mountain region that encompasses northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and northwestern India

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
8,600
Native speakers worldwide

DATE OF INFO: 1990

MORE ON VITALITY

"Other small languages, Yidgha, Phalura and Gawar-bati, are also losing their vitality."

PLACES: Pakistan

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: "7 villages near Drosh, Chitral possibly 1 village in Dir Kohistan"

		1994	Dardestān ii. Language					Encyclopedia Iranica			http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dardestan-#i	Edel'man, D.I.	D.I. Edel'man. 1994. "Dardestān Ii. Language." In Encyclopedia Iranica, Online: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dardestan-#i.									The eastern subgroup includes Kashmiri in the Kashmir valley; Shina in the districts of Gilgit and Tangir, north of Kashmir; Phalura (or Palola) and the closely related Sawi; and a number of languages and dialects sometimes referred to generally as Kōhestānī (lit., “of the mountains”) in the Indus, Swat, and Panjkora basins: Maiyan (so called by native speakers but Kōhestānī by others) with the Kanywali dialect, Torwali, and Bashkarik (or Diri, known in another dialect variant as Garwi).								Afghanistan; Pakistan; India	part of Nūrestān and adjacent areas along the Kabul river and its tributaries in the mountain region that encompasses northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and northwestern India
		2008	Towards a grammatical description of Palula: An Indo-Aryan language of the Hindu Kush							Stockholm University	http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A198468/FULLTEXT01.pdf	Henrik Liljegren	Liljegren, Henrik. Towards a Grammatical Description of Palula: An Indo-Aryan Language of the Hindu Kush. PhD thesis, Stockholm University, 2008.	HHOLD	9,841		1000-9999	Urdu in official domains; Khowar and Pashto with outsiders	Khowar; Pashto; Urdu	no	positive	Urdu is the official language and medium for instruction while Pashto is the provincial language where the Palula live. Khowar is used with non-Palulu speakers in Chitral whereas Pashto is used with non-Khowar speakers in the province.	no	all	Vulnerable (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	10	"Palula is almost exclusively used among people who speak Palula as their first language. Within the Biori and Ashret Valleys, it is in most cases the only language in communicative use, and there are very few native speakers of other languages residing in those locations." (p. 40)	11	10	Pakistan	The Palula mainly dwell in the Ashret and the Biori valleys, located in the southern part of Chitral district, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Scattered settlements are also found in Purigal, Kalkatak and Badrugal where the vitality of Palula is decreasing.
Routledge Language Family Series		2003	Dardic	The Indo-Aryan Languages	818-894	George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain	London & New York: Routledge					Elena Bashir	Bashir, Elena. 2003. "Dardic." In The Indo-Aryan Languages, edited by George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain. 818-894. London & New York: Routledge.	HHOLD	7,000-9,000		1000-9999								Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)					Pakistan	Southern Chitral, in the villages of Ashret, Kalkatak, Byori, Ghos, and Purigal
	16	2009	Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)			M. Paul Lewis	SIL International		Dallas, TX		http://www.ethnologue.com/		Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)	ll_pub	10,000	2006	10000-99999								Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)					Pakistan
		2006	Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in Pakistan	Lesser-known languages of South Asia: status and policies, case studies and applications of information technology	73-106	Anju Saxena and Lars Borin	Mouton de Gruyter		Berlin			Tariq Rahman	Tariq Rahman. 2006. "Language Policy, Multilingualism and Language Vitality in Pakistan." In Lesser-known languages of South Asia: status and policies, case studies and applications of information technology, edited by Anju Saxena and Lars Borin. 73-106. Mouton de Gruyter.		8,600	1990	1000-9999								Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)		"Other small languages, Yidgha, Phalura and Gawar-bati, are also losing their vitality."			Pakistan	"7 villages near Drosh, Chitral possibly 1 village in Dir Kohistan"
	3rd	2010	Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger				UNESCO Publishing		Paris		http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas	Christopher Moseley (ed.)	Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)	ll_pub	8,600		1000-9999								Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)							35.7264,71.7434
			Glottolog								http://www.glottolog.org/glottolog/		"Glottolog." Online: http://www.glottolog.org/glottolog/.																			35.494814, 71.823050
			World Oral Literature Project								http://www.oralliterature.org		"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.		8,600		1000-9999								Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)

Phalura

Language metadata

Language information by source

Vulnerable

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

9,841

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

10,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

8,600

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

8,600

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

7,000-9,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

8,600

Discussion

Phalura

Language metadata

Language information by source

Vulnerable

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

9,841

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

10,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

8,600

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

8,600

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

7,000-9,000

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

8,600

Discussion

Suggest information or improvement

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Sources of information

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