"Generally speaking, bilingualism is becoming more and more prevalent in the villages that were visited. The villagers use their mother tongue in all familiar domains (home, family, and friends), while they use Indonesian in official domains (school, church, and government, and public offices)."

"It is reported that the young people in the villages use the vernacular more than other languages.
However, they use Indonesian along with the vernacular. People generally have a positive
attitude toward Indonesian, as they can use it to communicate better with people outside of their
own language group."