Jalkunan
[aka Dyala, Dyalanu, Jalkuna]Classification: Niger-Congo
·endangered
Classification: Niger-Congo
·endangered
Dyala, Dyalanu, Jalkuna, Blé, Jelkuna, Jalakuna |
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Niger-Congo, Mande, Western Mande |
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None |
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ISO 639-3 |
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bxl |
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As csv |
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Information from: “Field Report on Jalkunan (Personal Communication)” . Vu Truong (2012)
1000-1200
100
100
100
300
100
All L2 speakers are non-Jalkunan women who have intermarried into the tribe. There are about 200 ethnic Jalkunan in Côte d’Ivoire, but it is uncertain how many of them are speakers. (Personal fieldwork, 2012)
"Berthelette & Berthelette (2001): Language of the home and normal village life is Jalkunan. Young people speak Blé most of the time. Use of Jula among the children seems to be growing. The older people state that their children speak Jula better than they do. Young people sometimes speak Jula even if no non-Jalkunan are present. Children sometimes start sentences in Blé, but must finish them in Jula. Young people mix Jula into their Blé when speaking.
Jula
Fulfulde
Samo
Senoufo
French
"Personal fieldwork (2012): In the ten interviews I conducted, speakers reported highly positive attitudes towards the language. Yet this does not seem to be the full picture. One such interviewee eventually became my main informant. He said that he was very proud of his ethnicity and language and prouder still to be sharing his knowledge with a linguist. On one of our trips into the city, I found this same man lying about his ethnicity by telling others that he is Senoufo. When confronted, he admitted that he prefers not to mention his Jalkunan identity outside the village. At present, the prevalence of this behavior is unknown, but certainly it has made me think twice about any reports of positive feelings."
"Berthelette & Berthelette (2001): Province of Leraba and in the department of Loumana, an area approximately 50 km west of Banfora. Most speakers live in Blédougou and Sobara, though the Blé of Sobara shifted to using Senoufo as their language. Unconfirmed reports of speakers living in villages between Blédougou and the border of Côte d’Ivoire.
Personal fieldwork (2012): Fewer than 10 elderly speakers in Sobara. Unconfirmed reports of upwards of 200 ethnic Jalkunan in Côte d’Ivoire. It is unknown how many of them are speakers."
Information from: “Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)” . M. Paul Lewis · SIL International
800-1,000
Data for the number of native speakers and for the ethnic population comes from SIL (1995).
Information from: “Sociolinguistic survey report for the Blé language” (23) . Berthelette, Carol and Berthelette, John (2001) SIL International
"According to the Blé, there are approximately 500 speakers of Blé, and 300 Blé who speak Jula and Senoufo. "
"16 of 17 of the respondents to the individual questionnaire state that young people speak Blé most of the time. However, the use of Jula among the children seems to be growing... As an indication that language shift is taking place, 15 of 17 state that Blé young people sometimes speak Jula even if no non-Blé are present. Furthermore, 7 of 17 subjects report that children sometimes start sentences in Blé, but must finish them in Jula. Finally, 12 of 17 state that young people mix Jula into their Blé when speaking... The adults use Blé with other Blé. However, some adults said they have replaced some
Blé words with Jula equivalents in everyday conversation."
Jula
French
Natioro
Noumou
Tyurama
Senoufo
Cerma
"Many of the Blé young people enroll in the school, and as a result, a number of teenage and older Blé are literate in Jula. Those enrolled in the CFJA [local school] are also taught very basic French... Jula is the language used at the market and with many neighbors... The Blé assert that some people of other ethnic groups learn Blé, and that the Blé learn other neighboring languages, in particular Natioro and Noumou. They also mentioned that some Blé speak Tyurama, Senoufo, and Cerma. However, they state that they prefer to communicate with their neighbors in Jula... Blé youth in particular (ages 12–25) show a level in Jula comparable to that of mother tongue speakers... The attitude of the Blé towards their language seems to be two-sided. On the one hand,
Blé adults are proud of their language and do not want to see it die out... On the other hand... they seem proud of the fact that everyone under age 40 is literate in Jula."
"The Blé are located in the province of Leraba and in the department of Loumana, an area approximately 50 km west of Banfora (see figure 1.2.1). Most of the Blé live in Blédougou and Sobara, though the Blé of Sobara shifted to using Senoufo as their language. According to their traditions, their land area is quite large, extending southwest to the Côte d'Ivoire border. They report Blé living in the villages between Blédougou and the border, although we have not confirmed this."
Information from: “A survey on language death in Africa” (402) . Sommer, Gabriele (1992) , Brenzinger, Matthias · Mouton de Gruyter
"Village of Blé-dougou, west of Banfora, near the town of Sindou."