Endangered Languages Project

ALSO KNOWN AS		Ndau, Ndaoe, Umalasa
CLASSIFICATION		Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic
CODE AUTHORITY		ISO 639-3
LANGUAGE CODE		ums
DOWNLOAD		As csv
MORE RESOURCES		OLAC search

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Information from: “Sourcebook on Tomini-Tolitoi Languages: General Information and Word Lists” . Nikolaus P. Himmelmann (2001) Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University

Threatened

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available
3200
Native speakers worldwide

DOMAINS OF USE
SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS
TRANSMISSION
SPEAKER ATTITUDE: Generally negative.
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT: No government support.
INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT: No institutional support
OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

PLACES: Indonesia

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: The language is spoken in a number of very small and isolated villages in Donggala, on the Island of Sulawesi. From Sibayu to the south to Bou in the north.

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
4,500
Native speakers worldwide
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
Data for the number of native speakers comes from Quick (2003).

PLACES: Indonesia;

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
3,200
Native speakers worldwide

Threatened

60 percent certain, based on the evidence available
3,200
Native speakers worldwide
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
In 1991, 2,000 to 5,000 were reported.

DATE OF INFO: 2007

DOMAINS OF USE

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS

MORE ON VITALITY

The Pendau keep much to themselves and tend not to enter into close social relationships with speakers of another language. Pendau is the everyday language in their settlements. They use Indonesian only if they have to, e.g. to outside officials. However, their children receive instruction in the primary schools in Indonesian, and the non-Pendau coastal population is socially dominant. The language must therefore be regarded as potentially endangered.

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

Indonesian

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS

They use Indonesian only if they have to, e.g. to outside officials.

PLACES: Indonesia: Sulawesi

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: The Pendau language area has traditionally been the middle and inner hill areas of much of the central part of the narrow neck which links the bulk of Sulawesi with its northeastern peninsula.

Threatened

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available
3935-4500
Native speakers worldwide

DOMAINS OF USE

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS

TRANSMISSION

MORE ON VITALITY

Although children still learn to speak Pendau and use it every day, the use of Indonesian is on the rise. The Pendau lexicon is being replaced by Indonesian loans by younger speakers.

SPEAKER ATTITUDE

Negative.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

No government support.

INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT

No institutional support.

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

Malay.

					World Oral Literature Project								http://www.oralliterature.org		"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.		3,200		1000-9999									Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)
	Pacific Linguistics			2001	Sourcebook on Tomini-Tolitoi Languages: General Information and Word Lists					Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University	511			Nikolaus P. Himmelmann	Nikolaus P. Himmelmann. 2001. "Sourcebook On Tomini-Tolitoi Languages: General Information and Word Lists." 511: Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.	HHOLD	3200		1000-9999			Indonesian, Kaili	No government support.	Generally negative.		No institutional support	Most of the younger community speaks Indonesian, the national language. Many also speak Kaila, a regional lingua franca.	Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	11		12	12	Indonesia	The language is spoken in a number of very small and isolated villages in Donggala, on the Island of Sulawesi. From Sibayu to the south to Bou in the north.	0.65, 120.1; 0.105, 119.9
	Pacific Linguistics			2007	A grammar of the Pendau language of central Sulawesi, Indonesia			Also as PhD ANU 2003.		Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University	590			Quick, Phil	Quick, Phil. 2007. "A Grammar of the Pendau Language of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia." 590: Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.	HHOLD	3935-4500		1000-9999		Malay is used as a regional lingua franca. Pendau is Used only in the home and within the community.	Malay.	No government support.	Negative.		No institutional support.	Most of the community speaks Malay.	Threatened (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	11	Although children still learn to speak Pendau and use it every day, the use of Indonesian is on the rise. The Pendau lexicon is being replaced by Indonesian loans by younger speakers.	12	12
070071197X		3	1	2007	Australia and the Pacific	Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages	424-557			Routledge		Abingdon		Stephen A Wurm	Wurm, Stephen A. 2007. Australia and the Pacific. In Christopher Moseley, Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, 1 edn., 424-557. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 070071197X	ll_pub	3,200	2007	1000-9999	In 1991, 2,000 to 5,000 were reported.		Indonesian			They use Indonesian only if they have to, e.g. to outside officials.			Threatened (60 percent certain, based on the evidence available)		The Pendau keep much to themselves and tend not to enter into close social relationships with speakers of another language. Pendau is the everyday language in their settlements. They use Indonesian only if they have to, e.g. to outside officials. However, their children receive instruction in the primary schools in Indonesian, and the non-Pendau coastal population is socially dominant. The language must therefore be regarded as potentially endangered.	11	12	Indonesia: Sulawesi	The Pendau language area has traditionally been the middle and inner hill areas of much of the central part of the narrow neck which links the bulk of Sulawesi with its northeastern peninsula.
			16	2009	Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)				M. Paul Lewis	SIL International		Dallas, TX	http://www.ethnologue.com/		Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)	ll_pub	4,500		1000-9999	Data for the number of native speakers comes from Quick (2003).								Threatened (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)					Indonesia;

Pendau

Language metadata

Language information by source

Threatened

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3200

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

4,500

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3,200

Threatened

60 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3,200

Threatened

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3935-4500

Discussion

Pendau

Language metadata

Language information by source

Threatened

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3200

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

4,500

Threatened

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3,200

Threatened

60 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3,200

Threatened

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

3935-4500

Discussion

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