Endangered Languages Project

"Mongghul, or Huzhu Mongghul, is, together with (Minhe) Mangghuer, generally referred to as "Monguor' in the specialist literature. The Chinese nomenclature subsumes the two populations and their languages under the designation Tu or Turen 'Local People', and assigns only dialect status to the two varieties. Linguistically it is, however, clearly a question of two separate languages." (Stefan Georg 2003:286)

ALSO KNOWN AS		Mongghul, Halchighol, Naringhol, Hu-tsu, Narin-guor, 互助土家語
CLASSIFICATION		Mongolic, Shirongolic, Northern Shirongolic
ORTHOGRAPHY		Pinyin romanization of Mandarin Chinese
CODE AUTHORITY		LINGUIST List
LANGUAGE CODE		mjg-huz
VARIANTS & DIALECTS		Halchighol Naringhol Fulan Nuraghol/Fulaan Nura/Karlong Datong (extinct) Tianzhu
DOWNLOAD		As csv
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS		Huzhu is listed as a dialect of Tu [mjg] in Ethnologue.

Compare Sources (4)

Information from: “Sketch grammar of the Karlong variety of Mongghul, and dialectal survey of Mongghul” . Burgel R. M. Faehndrich (2007)

Endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available
50000
Native speakers worldwide
MORE ON SPEAKER NUMBERS
50000 speakers of Mongghul with 18000 speakers of the Karlong dialect.

DOMAINS OF USE

SPEAKER NUMBER TRENDS

TRANSMISSION

MORE ON VITALITY

"Monguor varieties are still spoken today, but the number of speakers is declining, and in some villages only a small percentage of children speak the language... while there are people classified as Tu in Datong, Mongghul is most likely no longer spoken there. There are speakers of Mongghul in Tianzhu, but not many young speakers. It seems that of people under the age of 20, only about 10% speak the language fluently. Younger people often do not know songs or traditional folktales in Mongghul." (p.234, 237)

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

Qinghaihua; Tibetan; Standard Mandarin

LANGUAGE CONTEXT COMMENTS

Schooling is in Chinese; most bilingual in Chinese, and a few bilingual in Amdo Tibetan (older people)

Scripts (Writing system)

Pinyin romanization of Mandarin Chinese

More on Orthography

the spelling is based on the Halchighol dialect, and in limited use

PLACES: China

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Huzhu 互助 county, Ledu 樂都 county, Qinghai 青海 Province; Tianzhu 天祝 county, Gansu 甘肅 Province

PLACES: China

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available
<50,000
Native speakers worldwide
Ethnic population
191624 (including Mongghul 互助土家, Mangghuer, Qinghai Bonan 青海保安 and Wutun 五屯)

DATE OF INFO: 1990 census

MORE ON VITALITY

Speaker number is probably decreasing.

OTHER LANGUAGES USED BY THE COMMUNITY

Qinghai Mandarin; Amdo Tibetan

PLACES: China

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: "Mongghul is mainly spoken in the Chinese province of Qinghai (until 1928 a part of Gansu), especially in Huzhu Tu Autonomous County, northeast of the provincial capital Xining. From here, the Mongghul population extends both westwards to Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County, also in Qinghai, and eastwards to Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, in (present-day) Gansu." (p.286)

Ethnic population
50000

PLACES: China

LOCATION DESCRIPTION: Huzhu Tu Autonomous County 互助土族自治縣 and adjacent parts of Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County 大通回族土族自治縣, Qinghai 青海, and adjacent parts of Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County 天祝藏族自治縣, Gansu 甘肅

		2012	LL-MAP (Language and Location: A Map Accessibility Project)						Institute for Language Information and Technology	Eastern Michigan University	http://llmap.org	Anthony Aristar and Helen Aristar-Dry and Yichun Xie	Anthony Aristar, Helen Aristar-Dry and Yichun Xie. 2012. "LL-MAP (Language and Location: A Map Accessibility Project)." Online: http://llmap.org.																China		36.929264,101.924411
	3rd	2010	Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger				UNESCO Publishing	Paris			http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas	Christopher Moseley (ed.)	Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)	ll_pub	50000														China	Huzhu Tu Autonomous County 互助土族自治縣 and adjacent parts of Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County 大通回族土族自治縣, Qinghai 青海, and adjacent parts of Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County 天祝藏族自治縣, Gansu 甘肅	36.7608,102.4255;
		2003	Mongghul	The Mongolic languages	286-306	Janhunen, Juha	Routledge					Georg, Stefan	Georg, Stefan. (2003). Mongghul. In Janhunen, Juha (ed.), "The Mongolic languages", pp. 286-306. London & New York: Routledge.		191624 (including Mongghul 互助土家, Mangghuer, Qinghai Bonan 青海保安 and Wutun 五屯)	<50,000	1990 census	10000-99999			Qinghai Mandarin; Amdo Tibetan			Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available)		Speaker number is probably decreasing.			China	"Mongghul is mainly spoken in the Chinese province of Qinghai (until 1928 a part of Gansu), especially in Huzhu Tu Autonomous County, northeast of the provincial capital Xining. From here, the Mongghul population extends both westwards to Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County, also in Qinghai, and eastwards to Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, in (present-day) Gansu." (p.286)
December		2007	Sketch grammar of the Karlong variety of Mongghul, and dialectal survey of Mongghul						Department of Linguistics	University of Hawaii at Manoa		Burgel R. M. Faehndrich	Burgel R. M. Faehndrich. 2007. Sketch grammar of the Karlong variety of Mongghul, and dialectal survey of Mongghul. PhD dissertation, Department of Linguisitcs, University of Hawaii at Manoa.			50000		100000	50000 speakers of Mongghul with 18000 speakers of the Karlong dialect.	most	Qinghaihua; Tibetan; Standard Mandarin	Schooling is in Chinese; most bilingual in Chinese, and a few bilingual in Amdo Tibetan (older people)	most	Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available)	14	"Monguor varieties are still spoken today, but the number of speakers is declining, and in some villages only a small percentage of children speak the language... while there are people classified as Tu in Datong, Mongghul is most likely no longer spoken there. There are speakers of Mongghul in Tianzhu, but not many young speakers. It seems that of people under the age of 20, only about 10% speak the language fluently. Younger people often do not know songs or traditional folktales in Mongghul." (p.234, 237)	13	14	China	Huzhu 互助 county, Ledu 樂都 county, Qinghai 青海 Province; Tianzhu 天祝 county, Gansu 甘肅 Province

Huzhu

Language metadata

Language information by source

Endangered

100 percent certain, based on the evidence available

50000

Vulnerable

20 percent certain, based on the evidence available

<50,000

Discussion