Huzhu
[aka Mongghul, Halchighol, Naringhol]Classification: Mongolic
·endangered
Classification: Mongolic
·endangered
"Mongghul, or Huzhu Mongghul, is, together with (Minhe) Mangghuer, generally referred to as "Monguor' in the specialist literature. The Chinese nomenclature subsumes the two populations and their languages under the designation Tu or Turen 'Local People', and assigns only dialect status to the two varieties. Linguistically it is, however, clearly a question of two separate languages." (Stefan Georg 2003:286)
Mongghul, Halchighol, Naringhol, Hu-tsu, Narin-guor, 互助土家語 |
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Mongolic, Shirongolic, Northern Shirongolic |
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Pinyin romanization of Mandarin Chinese |
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LINGUIST List |
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mjg-huz |
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As csv |
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Huzhu is listed as a dialect of Tu [mjg] in Ethnologue. |
Information from: “Sketch grammar of the Karlong variety of Mongghul, and dialectal survey of Mongghul” . Burgel R. M. Faehndrich (2007)
50000 speakers of Mongghul with 18000 speakers of the Karlong dialect.
"Monguor varieties are still spoken today, but the number of speakers is declining, and in some villages only a small percentage of children speak the language... while there are people classified as Tu in Datong, Mongghul is most likely no longer spoken there. There are speakers of Mongghul in Tianzhu, but not many young speakers. It seems that of people under the age of 20, only about 10% speak the language fluently. Younger people often do not know songs or traditional folktales in Mongghul." (p.234, 237)
Qinghaihua; Tibetan; Standard Mandarin
Schooling is in Chinese; most bilingual in Chinese, and a few bilingual in Amdo Tibetan (older people)
the spelling is based on the Halchighol dialect, and in limited use
Huzhu 互助 county, Ledu 樂都 county, Qinghai 青海 Province; Tianzhu 天祝 county, Gansu 甘肅 Province
Information from: “Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger” . Christopher Moseley (ed.) (2010) UNESCO Publishing
50000
Huzhu Tu Autonomous County 互助土族自治縣 and adjacent parts of Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County 大通回族土族自治縣, Qinghai 青海, and adjacent parts of Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County 天祝藏族自治縣, Gansu 甘肅
Information from: “LL-MAP (Language and Location: A Map Accessibility Project)” . Anthony Aristar and Helen Aristar-Dry and Yichun Xie (2012)
Information from: “Mongghul” (286-306) . Georg, Stefan (2003) , Janhunen, Juha · Routledge
191624 (including Mongghul 互助土家, Mangghuer, Qinghai Bonan 青海保安 and Wutun 五屯)
Speaker number is probably decreasing.
Qinghai Mandarin; Amdo Tibetan
"Mongghul is mainly spoken in the Chinese province of Qinghai (until 1928 a part of Gansu), especially in Huzhu Tu Autonomous County, northeast of the provincial capital Xining. From here, the Mongghul population extends both westwards to Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County, also in Qinghai, and eastwards to Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, in (present-day) Gansu." (p.286)
Sources |
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Isbn | Series | Month | Edition | Num | Year | Title | Booktitle | Pages | Note | Editor | Howpublished | Publisher | Journal | Volume | Address | Institution | Chapter | Translator | School | Url | Author | Free Text Citation | Copied From | Older Adults | Ethnic Population | Young Adults | Private Comment | Speaker Number Text | Date Of Info | Speaker Number | Public Comment | Semi Speakers | Elders | Second Language Speakers | Domains Other Langs | Other Languages Used | Private Comment | Government Support | Speaker Attitude | Public Comment | Institutional Support | Number Speaker Other Languages | Endangerment Level | Transmission | Private Comment | Public Comment | Domains Of Use | Speaker Number Trends | Private Comment | Public Comment | Places | Description | Coordinates |
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SOURCE: “Mongghul” (286-306) . Georg, Stefan (2003) , Janhunen, Juha · Routledge |
SOURCE: “Sketch grammar of the Karlong variety of Mongghul, and dialectal survey of Mongghul” . Burgel R. M. Faehndrich (2007) |
2012 | LL-MAP (Language and Location: A Map Accessibility Project) | Institute for Language Information and Technology | Eastern Michigan University | http://llmap.org | Anthony Aristar and Helen Aristar-Dry and Yichun Xie | Anthony Aristar, Helen Aristar-Dry and Yichun Xie. 2012. "LL-MAP (Language and Location: A Map Accessibility Project)." Online: http://llmap.org. | China | 36.929264,101.924411 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3rd | 2010 | Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger | UNESCO Publishing | Paris | http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas | Christopher Moseley (ed.) | Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.) | ll_pub | 50000 | China | Huzhu Tu Autonomous County 互助土族自治縣 and adjacent parts of Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County 大通回族土族自治縣, Qinghai 青海, and adjacent parts of Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County 天祝藏族自治縣, Gansu 甘肅 | 36.7608,102.4255; | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2003 | Mongghul | The Mongolic languages | 286-306 | Janhunen, Juha | Routledge | Georg, Stefan | Georg, Stefan. (2003). Mongghul. In Janhunen, Juha (ed.), "The Mongolic languages", pp. 286-306. London & New York: Routledge. | 191624 (including Mongghul 互助土家, Mangghuer, Qinghai Bonan 青海保安 and Wutun 五屯) | <50,000 | 1990 census | 10000-99999 | Qinghai Mandarin; Amdo Tibetan | Vulnerable (20 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | Speaker number is probably decreasing. | China | "Mongghul is mainly spoken in the Chinese province of Qinghai (until 1928 a part of Gansu), especially in Huzhu Tu Autonomous County, northeast of the provincial capital Xining. From here, the Mongghul population extends both westwards to Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County, also in Qinghai, and eastwards to Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, in (present-day) Gansu." (p.286) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
December | 2007 | Sketch grammar of the Karlong variety of Mongghul, and dialectal survey of Mongghul | Department of Linguistics | University of Hawaii at Manoa | Burgel R. M. Faehndrich | Burgel R. M. Faehndrich. 2007. Sketch grammar of the Karlong variety of Mongghul, and dialectal survey of Mongghul. PhD dissertation, Department of Linguisitcs, University of Hawaii at Manoa. | 50000 | 100000 | 50000 speakers of Mongghul with 18000 speakers of the Karlong dialect. | most | Qinghaihua; Tibetan; Standard Mandarin | Schooling is in Chinese; most bilingual in Chinese, and a few bilingual in Amdo Tibetan (older people) | most | Endangered (100 percent certain, based on the evidence available) | 14 | "Monguor varieties are still spoken today, but the number of speakers is declining, and in some villages only a small percentage of children speak the language... while there are people classified as Tu in Datong, Mongghul is most likely no longer spoken there. There are speakers of Mongghul in Tianzhu, but not many young speakers. It seems that of people under the age of 20, only about 10% speak the language fluently. Younger people often do not know songs or traditional folktales in Mongghul." (p.234, 237) | 13 | 14 | China | Huzhu 互助 county, Ledu 樂都 county, Qinghai 青海 Province; Tianzhu 天祝 county, Gansu 甘肅 Province |