Ulwa
[别称 Yaul]语系：Mongol-Langam-Ulwa
·高危
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高危
100 percent certain, based on the evidence available
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600
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1,800
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300
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The figure of 600 is a rough estimate. It is based on an estimated total population of 1,800 for the four villages where Ulwa is spoken. It is assumed that only about 35% of this population is fluent in the language, since it is generally only used by people over 30 years of age, and the 0-30 year-old demographic represents about 65% of the rural populations in PNG (according to the 2011 PNG census). Of course, some people younger than 30 are also fluent, but this figure should be offset by those people older than 30 who are not speakers (mostly immigrants from other language communities).
- 信息日期
- 2015
- 使用领域
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- 使用者趋势
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- 传承情况
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- 更多关于活力的信息
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The language is not being transmitted to children. Most people older than 30 are fluent in the language, but nevertheless mostly use Tok Pisin in all domains. Some elders regularly use Ulwa, but even among this demographic there are no monolinguals, and elders rely heavily on Tok Pisin as well. People in their 20s tend to understand the language, but are unable to speak it. People younger than 20 may understand a few words, but cannot comprehend or produce even basic sentences.
- 使用者态度
- Speakers view the language positively. There is a growing concern for its preservation and revitalization, as many are disappointed by the decline in use among children.
- 政府的支持
- none
- 相关机构的支持
- none
- 该群体使用的其他语言
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Tok Pisin [tpi]
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Ap Ma (Botin) [kbx]
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Biwat (Munduguma) [bwm]
- 语言环境评论
There are no monolingual Ulwa-speakers, as everyone also speaks Tok Pisin. A few speakers (especially in Manu village) also know Ap Ma, and a few speakers (especially in Maruat, Dimiri, and Yaul villages) also know Biwat.
- 手写稿、文字系统和正字法
- none
- 正字法
Community members are interested in developing a Latin-based orthography to write the Ulwa language.
- 地点
- Papua New Guinea
- 地点描述
Four villages in Angoram District, East Sepik Province: Manu, Maruat, Dimiri, and Yaul.
- 其他评论
The village of Manu is located along a small tributary of the Keram River, itself a tributary of the Sepik River. When water levels are high, the village is about four hours by boat (outboard motor) from Angoram town. The three villages of Maruat, Dimiri, and Yaul are located close to one another, about a four-hour walk northwest from Manu, in the direction of the Yuat River. (Travel is much more difficult in the wet season, however, when the path is much swampier.)