The articulatory mechanisms involved in the production of glottal stop, glottalized resonants, & pharyngeals are examined laryngoscopically in the Wakashan language, Nuuchahnulth (Ahousaht dialect). Early linguistic descriptions & historical definitions suggested that a glottal stop is a component of the glottalized resonant series & perhaps of the pharyngeal /(reversed glottal stop)/; however, it has been unclear where & to what degree an occlusion can be found in the production of these sounds. To address the theoretical issue of the phonetic relationship between glottal, pharyngeal, & epiglottal articulations, we use the sounds of Nuuchahnulth & of other languages we have observed in formulating a revised theory of cardinal categories of pharyngeal & laryngeal articulations. We present direct visual evidence that the initial voiced glottalized resonant consonants of Nuuchahnulth are a product of the addition of a moderate glottal stop occurring before the resonant & that the pharyngeal /(reversed glottal stop)/ contains a voiceless epiglottal stop followed by a voiced pharyngeal approximant. Our evidence suggests that pharyngeals /(reversed glottal stop)/ & /(crossed h)/ are not only lingually retracted but are primarily a function of an aryepiglottic laryngeal constriction mechanism. Measurements of the duration of articulatory events confirm that glottalized resonants are almost twice the length of nonglottalized segments. We also find that the pharyngeals /(reversed glottal stop)/ & /(crossed h)/ involve an even longer articulatory sequence than glottalized consonants, most likely as a function of the greater distance which the articulators have to travel. These findings imply a revised interpretation of the relationship of glottals to pharyngeals in articulatory theory, including the conceptualization of how constriction occurs in the larynx & in the pharynx & the rank ordering of strictures proposed within taxonomic theory. 3 Tables, 8 Figures, 2 Appendixes, 83 References. [Copyright 2005 Elsevier Ltd.]