Passive constructions in Nootka & Nitinaht are considered base-generated structures. In most cases, the passive subject is equivalent to the active O, indirect O, or other nonsubject, while the (oblique) passive agent is equivalent to the active agentive subject. All persons can serve in all grammatical relations (subject, O, agent oblique). Active clauses without passive paraphrases, passive clauses without active paraphrases, oblique agent constructions in nonpassive sentences, nonactive "object" patients, & idiomatic passives support the contention that passives in these languages are lexical in origin. 6 References. HA